6 Edmond J M. Himalayan tectonics, weathering processes, and the strontium isotope record in marine limestones. Science, 1992, 258: 1594–1597??
[3]
8 Blum J D, Gazis C A, Jacobson A D, et al. Carbonate versus silicate weathering in the Raikhot watershed within the High Himalayan Crystalline Series. Geology, 1998, 26: 411–414??
[4]
10 Dreybrodt W. Processes in Karst systems. Heidelberg: Springer, 1988
[5]
11 Kump L R, Brantley S L, Arthur M A. Chemical weathering, atmospheric CO2, and climate. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci, 2000, 28: 611–667
[6]
12 Liu Z, Dreybrodt W. Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate minerals in H2O–CO2 solutions in turbulent flow: The role of the diffusion boundary layer and the slow reaction H2O+CO2?H++HCO3-. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1997, 61: 2879–2889??
[7]
13 Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst J L, Ludwig W. Worldwide distribution of continental rock lithology: Implications for the atmospheric/soil CO2 uptake by continental weathering and alkalinity river transport to the oceans. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 2003, 17: 1038??
[8]
14 Palmer M R, Edmond J M. Controls over the strontium isotope composition of river water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1992, 56: 2099–2111??
[9]
15 Harris N, Bickle M, Chapman H, et al. The significance of Himalayan rivers for silicate weathering rates: Evidence from the Bhote Kosi tributary. Chem Geol, 1998, 144: 205–220??
[10]
17 English N B, Quade J, DeCelles P G, et al. Geologic control of Sr and major element chemistry in Himalayan Rivers, Nepal. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2000, 64: 2549–2566??
[11]
18 Oliver L, Harris N, Bickle M, et al. Silicate weathering rates decoupled from the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of the dissolved load during Himalayan erosion. Chem Geol, 2003, 201: 119–139??
[12]
19 Quade J, English N, DeCelles P G. Silicate versus carbonate weathering in the Himalaya: A comparison of the Arun and Seti River watersheds. Chem Geol, 2003, 202: 275–296??
[13]
23 Gaillardet J, Dupre B, Louvat P, et al. Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers. Chem Geol, 1999, 159: 3–30??
[14]
24 Jacobson A D, Blum J D, Chamberlain C P, et al. Climatic and tectonic controls on chemical weathering in the New Zealand Southern Alps. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2003, 67: 29–46??
[15]
28 Mulholland P J, Elwood J W. The role of lake and reservoir sediments as sinks in the perturbed global carbon-cycle. Tellus, 1982, 34: 490–499??
[16]
31 Cole J J, Prairie Y T, Caraco N F, et al. Plumbing the global carbon cycle: integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems, 2007, 10: 171–184
[17]
33 Tao F, Liu C, Li S. Source and flux of POC in two subtropical karstic tributaries with contrasting land use practice in the Yangtze River Basin. Appl Geochem, 2009, 24: 2102–2112??
[18]
34 Waterson E J, Canuel E A. Sources of sedimentary organic matter in the Mississippi River and adjacent Gulf of Mexico as revealed by lipid biomarker and δ13CTOC analyses. Org Geochem, 2008, 39: 422–439??
[19]
35 Meybeck M. Riverine transport of atmospheric carbon: Sources, global typology and budget. Water Air Soil Poll, 1993, 70: 443–463??
[20]
37 Raymond P A, Oh N H, Turner R E, et al. Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River. Nature, 2008, 451: 449–452??
44 Gaillardet J, Galy A. Himalaya—Carbon Sink or Source? Science, 2008, 320: 1727–1728
[23]
46 Yokoyama T, Nakai S, Wakita H. Helium and carbon isotopic compositions of hot spring gases in the Tibetan Plateau. J Volcanol Geoth Res, 1999, 88: 99–107??
[24]
48 Goldsmith S T, Carey A E, Johnson B M. Stream geochemistry, chemical weathering and CO2 consumption potential of andesitic terrains, Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2010, 74: 85–103
[25]
49 Gupta H, Chakrapani G J, Selvaraj K, et al. The fluvial geochemistry, contributions of silicate, carbonate and saline–alkaline components to chemical weathering flux and controlling parameters: Narmada River (Deccan Traps), India. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2011, 75: 800–824??
[26]
51 Schopka H H, Derry L A, Arcilla C A. Chemical weathering, river geochemistry and atmospheric carbon fluxes from volcanic and ultramafic regions on Luzon Island, the Philippines. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2011, 75: 978–1002??
[27]
53 Yoshimura K, Nakao S, Noto M, et al. Geochemical and stable isotope studies on natural water in the Taroko Gorge karst area, Taiwan- chemical weathering of carbonate rocks by deep source CO2 and sulfuric acid. Chem Geol, 2001, 177: 415–430
[28]
56 Lerman A, Wu L L, Mackenzie F T. CO2 and H2SO4 consumption in weathering and material transport to the ocean, and their role in the global carbon balance. Mar Chem, 2007, 106: 326–350??
[29]
60 Semhi K, Amiotte-Suchet P, Clauer N, et al. Impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the natural weathering-erosion processes and fluvial transport in the Garonne basin. Appl Geochem, 2000, 15: 865–878??
[30]
61 Perrin A, Probst A, Probst J. Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small agricultural catchments: Implications for weathering CO2 uptake at regional and global scales. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2008, 72: 3105–3123??
[31]
62 White A F, Blum A E. Effects of climate on chemical-weathering in watersheds. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1995, 59: 1729–1747??
[32]
63 Riebe C S, Kirchner J W, Finkel R C. Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2004, 224: 547–562??
[33]
64 West A J, Galy A, Bickle M. Tectonic and climatic controls on silicate weathering. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2005, 235: 211–228??
[34]
65 Tipper E T, Bickle M J, Galy A, et al. The short term climatic sensitivity of carbonate and silicate weathering fluxes: Insight from seasonal variations in river chemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2006, 70: 2737–2754??
70 Cawley J L, Burruss R C, Holland H D. Chemical weathering in Central Iceland: An analog of Pre-Silurian weathering. Science, 1968, 165: 391–392
[37]
71 Berner R A. Weathering, plants, and the long-term carbon cycle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1992, 56: 3225–3231??
[38]
74 Berner R A. The rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric CO2. Science, 1997, 276: 544–546??
[39]
77 Raymond P A, Oh N H. Long term changes of chemical weathering products in rivers heavily impacted from acid mine drainage: Insights on the impact of coal mining on regional and global carbon and sulfur budgets. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2009, 284: 50–56??
[40]
78 Zhao M, Zeng C, Liu Z, et al. Effect of different land use/land cover on karst hydrogeochemistry: A paired catchment study of Chenqi and Dengzhanhe, Puding, Guizhou, SW China. J Hydrol, 2010, 388: 121–130??
[41]
79 Cochran M F, Berner R A. Promotion of chemical weathering by higher plants: Field observations on Hawaiian basalts. Chem Geol, 1996, 132: 71–77??
[42]
1 Berner R A, Lasaga A C, Garrels R M. The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon-dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am J Sci, 1983, 283: 641–683??
4 Liu Z, Dreybrodt W, Wang H. A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2 budget: Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution, the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms. Earth-Sci Rev, 2010, 99: 162–172??
[45]
5 Liu Z, Dreybrodt W, Liu H. Atmospheric CO2 sink: Silicate weathering or carbonate weathering? Appl Geochem, 2011, 26: 292–294??
[46]
7 Quade J, Roe L, DeCelles G, et al. The late Neogene 87Sr/86Sr record of lowland Himalayan rivers. Science, 1997, 276: 1828–1831??
[47]
9 Plummer L N, Wigley T M L, Parkhurst D L. Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-water systems at 5°C to 60°C and 0.0 to 1.0 atm CO2. Am J Sci, 1978, 278: 179–216
[48]
16 Galy A, France-Lanord C, Derry L A. The strontium isotopic budget of Himalayan Rivers in Nepal and Bangladesh. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1999, 63: 1905–1925??
[49]
20 Jacobson A D, Blum J D, Chamberlain C P, et al. Ca/Sr and Sr isotope systematics of a Himalayan glacial chronosequence: Carbonate versus silicate weathering rates as a function of landscape surface age. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2002, 66: 13–27??
[50]
21 Jacobson A D, Blum J D, Walter L M. Reconciling the elemental and Sr isotope composition of Himalayan weathering fluxes: Insights from the carbonate geochemistry of stream waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2002, 66: 3417–3429??
[51]
22 Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst J L. A global model for present-day atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption by chemical erosion of continental rocks GEM-CO2. Tellus, 1995, 47: 273–280??
[52]
25 McConnaughey T A, Whelan J F. Calcification generates protons for nutrient and bicarbonate uptake. Earth-Sci Rev, 1997, 42: 95–117??
[53]
26 Lerman A, Mackenzie T. CO2 air-sea exchange due to calcium carbonate and organic matter storage, and its implications for the global carbon cycle. Aquat Geochem, 2005, 11: 345–390??
[54]
27 Smith S V, Gattuso J. Balancing the oceanic calcium carbonate cycle: Consequences of variable water column Ψ. Aquat Geochem, 2011, 17: 327–337??
[55]
29 Dean W E, Gorham E. Magnitude and significance of carbon burial in lakes, reservoirs, and peatlands. Geology, 1998, 26: 535–538??
[56]
30 Einsele G, Yan J, Hinderer M. Atmospheric carbon burial in modern lake basins and its significance for the global carbon budget. Glob Planet Change, 2001, 30: 167–195??
36 Liu Z, Zhao J. Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink. Environ Geol, 2000, 39: 1053–1058??
[59]
38 Macpherson G L, Roberts J A, Blair J M. Increasing shallow groundwater CO2 and limestone weathering, Konza Prairie, USA. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2008, 72: 5581–5599??
[60]
40 Du J G, Cheng W Z, Zhang Y L, et al. Helium and carbon isotopic compositions of thermal springs in the earthquake zone of Sichuan, Southwestern China. J Asian Earth Sci, 2006, 26: 533–539??
[61]
41 Hren M T, Chamberlain C P, Hilley G E, et al. Major ion chemistry of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river: Chemical weathering, erosion, and CO2 consumption in the southern Tibetan plateau and eastern syntaxis of the Himalaya. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2007, 71: 2907–2935
[62]
42 Becker J A, Bickle M J, Galy A, et al. Himalayan metamorphic CO2 fluxes: Quantitative constraints from hydrothermal springs. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2008, 265: 616–629??
[63]
43 Kerrick D M, McKibben M A, Seward T M, et al. Convective hydrothermal CO2 emission from high heat flow regions. Chem Geol, 1995, 121: 285–293??
[64]
45 Hurwitz S, Evans W C, Lowenstern J B. River solute fluxes reflecting active hydrothermal chemical weathering of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field, USA. Chem Geol, 2010, 276: 331–343??
[65]
47 Dessert C, Dupre B, Gaillardet J, et al. Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chem Geol, 2003, 202: 257–273??
[66]
50 Moquet J S, Crave A, Viers J, et al. Chemical weathering and atmospheric/soil CO2 uptake in the Andean and Foreland Amazon basins. Chem Geol, 2011, 287: 1–26??
[67]
52 Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst A, Probst J L. Influence of acid rain on CO2 consumption by rock weathering: Local and global scales. Water Air Soil Poll, 1995, 85: 1563–1568??
[68]
54 Spence J, Telmer K. The role of sulfur in chemical weathering and atmospheric CO2 fluxes: Evidence from major ions, delta C-13(DIC), and delta S-34(SO4) in rivers of the Canadian Cordillera. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2005, 69: 5441–5458
[69]
55 Lerman A, Wu L. CO2 and sulfuric acid controls of weathering and river water composition. J Geochem Explor, 2006, 88: 427–430??
[70]
57 Li S L, Calmels D, Han G, et al. Sulfuric acid as an agent of carbonate weathering constrained by delta C-13(DIC): Examples from Southwest China. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2008, 270: 189–199??
[71]
58 Meyer H, Strauss H, Hetzel R. The role of supergene sulphuric acid during weathering in small river catchments in low mountain ranges of Central Europe: Implications for calculating the atmospheric CO2 budget. Chem Geol, 2009, 268: 41–51??
[72]
59 Xu Z, Liu C. Water geochemistry of the Xijiang basin rivers, South China: Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption. Appl Geochem, 2010, 25: 1603–1614
[73]
66 Cai W J, Guo X H, Chen C T A, et al. A comparative overview of weathering intensity and HCO3? flux in the world’s major rivers with emphasis on the Changjiang, Huanghe, Zhujiang (Pearl) and Mississippi Rivers. Cont Shelf Res, 2008, 28: 1538–1549??
[74]
67 Gislason S R, Oelkers E H, Eiriksdottir E S, et al. Direct evidence of the feedback between climate and weathering. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2009, 277: 213–222??
[75]
68 Hagedorn B, Cartwright I. Climatic and lithologic controls on the temporal and spatial variability of CO2 consumption via chemical weathering: An example from the Australian Victorian Alps. Chem Geol, 2009, 260: 234–253??
[76]
72 Drever J I. The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate minerals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1994, 58: 2325–2332??
[77]
73 Gislason S R, Arnorsson S, Armannsson H. Chemical weathering of basalt in southwest Iceland: Effects of runoff, age of rocks and vegetative/ glacial cover. Am J Sci, 1996, 296: 837–907??
[78]
75 Andrews J A, Schlesinger W H. Soil CO2 dynamics, acidification, and chemical weathering in a temperate forest with experimental CO2 enrichment. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 2001, 15: 149–162
[79]
76 Barnes R T, Raymond P A. The contribution of agricultural and urban activities to inorganic carbon fluxes within temperate watersheds. Chem Geol, 2009, 266: 318–327??