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科学通报  2012 

顶中区N200:一个中文视觉词汇识别特有的脑电反应

DOI: 10.1360/csb2012-57-5-332, PP. 332-347

Keywords: N200,汉字,词汇识别,正字法,拼义理论,拼音文字

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Abstract:

除中文外,世界上现今使用的几乎所有文字均为拼音字母文字(如英文),其词汇识别涉及分辨几十个字母或语音单位的一维线性组合.中文词汇包含数量众多的方块汉字,需要在部件、单字和多字层次上抽取复杂的形状和空间信息.两类文字视觉形态上的巨大差异,是否对应不同的大脑加工过程?对于这个心理学和脑科学的重大问题,过去30多年的实验研究并没有得出明确的结论.采用脑电技术和视觉词汇判断任务,让以汉语为母语的被试区分真词和假词,结果显示,中文双字词在其呈现后约200ms诱发了一个负走向的、以脑顶部和中央区域为中心、分布广泛的脑电反应,称为顶中区N200.此外,词汇重复呈现时,该N200出现一个罕见的、大幅度的增强效应.类似的效应在英文等字母文字的识别中并不存在,提示顶中区N200是一个中文特有的脑电反应.进一步的实验表明,该N200不反映感知觉加工,也不反映语音、语义加工,而反映词形加工,提示中文词汇在其识别过程的早期就完成了对个体词形的视觉分析,涉及相当广泛、高级的视觉加工脑区.作者最近提出的汉字拼义理论,把汉字同拼音文字并置为成熟的人类文字仅有的2个逻辑类型,指出相对于拼音文字,汉字是更为彻底的视觉文字,其脑机制应该更注重视觉加工.拼义理论与顶中区N200的发现相互支持,从理论和实验2个方面揭示了中文的独特性,强有力地论证了它与拼音文字的本质区别.

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