1 Piepgras D J, Wasserburg G J, Dasch E J. Isotopic composition of Nd in different ocean masses. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1979, 45: 223-236？？
[2]
4 O’nions R, Carter S, Cohen R, et al. Pb, Nd and Sr isotopes in oceanic ferromanganese deposits and ocean floor basalts. Nature, 1978, 273:435-438？？
[3]
5 Gutjahr M, Frank M, Stirling C H, et al. Tracing the Nd isotope evolution of North Atlantic deep and intermediate waters in the WesternNorth Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum from Blake Ridge sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2008, 266: 61-77？？
[4]
6 Piotrowski A M, Goldstein S L, Hemming S R, et al. Temporal relationships of carbon cycling and ocean circulation at glacial boundaries.Science, 2005, 307: 1933-1938？？
[5]
8 Herguera J C, Herbert T, Kashgarian M, et al. Intermediate and deep water mass distribution in the Pacific during the Last GlacialMaximum inferred from oxygen and carbon stable isotopes. Quat Sci Rev, 2010, 29: 1228-1245？？
[6]
10 Bertram C J, Elderfield H. The geochemical balance of the Rare-Earth Elements and Neodymium isotopes in the oceans. GeochimCosmochim Acta, 1993, 57: 1957-1986？？
[7]
11 German C R, Klinkhammer G P, Edmond J M, et al. Hydrothermal scavenging of Rare-Earth Elements in the ocean. Nature, 1990, 345:516-518？？
[8]
13 Jeandel C, Bishop J K, Zindler A. Exchange of Neodymium and its isotopes between seawater and small and large particles in theSargasso Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1995, 59: 535-547？？
[9]
14 Oka A, Hasumi H, Obata H, et al. Study on vertical profiles of rare earth elements by using an ocean general circulation model. GlobBiogeochem Cycle, 2009, 23, doi: 10.1029/2008gb003353
[10]
15 Lacan F, Jeandel C. Tracing Papua New Guinea imprint on the central Equatorial Pacific Ocean using Neodymium isotopic compositionsand Rare Earth Element patterns. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2001, 186: 497-512？？
[11]
16 Lacan F, Jeandel C. Neodymium isotopes as a new tool for quantifying exchange fluxes at the continent-ocean interface. Earth Planet SciLett, 2005, 232: 245-257？？
[12]
17 Lacan F, Jeandel C. Acquisition of the Neodymium isotopic composition of the North Atlantic Deep Water. Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2005, 6, doi: 10.1029/2005gc000956
[13]
19 Talley L D, Nagata Y, Fujimura M, et al. North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Kuroshio Oyashio mixed water region. J Phys Oceanogr,1995, 25: 475-501？？
[14]
20 You Y Z. The pathway and circulation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Geophys Res Lett, 2003, 30, doi: 10.1029/2003gl018561
[15]
22 Kawabe M, Fujio S, Yanagimoto D, et al. Water masses and currents of deep circulation southwest of the Shatsky Rise in the westernNorth Pacific. Deep-Sea Res Part I, 2009, 56: 1675-1687？？
[16]
25 Suga T, Kato A, Hanawa K. North Pacific Tropical Water: Its climatology and temporal changes associated with the climate regime shiftin the 1970s. Prog Oceanogr, 2000, 47: 223-256？？
[17]
26 Warner M J, Bullister J L, Wisegarver D P, et al. Basin-wide distributions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the north Pacific:1985-1989. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 1996, 101: 20525-20542？？
[18]
27 Van Scoy K, Druffnel E. Ventilation and transport of thermocline and intermediate waters in the northeast Pacific during recent El Ninos.J Geophys Res, 1993, 98, doi: 10.1029/93JC01797
[19]
31 Albarede F, Goldstein S L. World map of Nd isotopes in sea-floor ferromanganese deposits. Geology, 1992, 20: 761-763？？
[20]
32 Arsouze T, Dutay J C, Lacan F, et al. Reconstructing the Nd oceanic cycle using a coupled dynamical-biogeochemical model.Biogeosciences, 2009, 6: 2829-2846？？
[21]
34 Amakawa H, Nozaki Y, Alibo D S, et al. Neodymium isotopic variations in Northwest Pacific waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2004,68: 715-727？？
[22]
35 Talley L D. Distribution and formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. J Phys Oceanogr, 1993, 23: 517-537？？
[23]
37 Nozaki Y. Rare earth elements and their isotopes. Encycloped Ocean Sci, 2001, 4: 2354-2366
[24]
2 Frank M. Radiogenic isotopes: Tracers of past ocean circulation and erosional input. Rev Geophys, 2002, 40, doi: 10.1029/2000RG000094
[25]
3 Ling H F, Burton K W, ONions R K, et al. Evolution of Nd and Pb isotopes in Central Pacific seawater from ferromanganese crusts. EarthPlanet Sci Lett, 1997, 146: 1-12？？
[26]
7 Robinson L F, van de Flierdt T. Southern Ocean evidence for reduced export of North Atlantic Deep Water during Heinrich event 1.Geology, 2009, 37: 195-198？？
[27]
9 Horikawa K, Asahara Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Intermediate water formation in the Bering Sea during glacial periods: Evidence fromNeodymium isotope ratios. Geology, 2010, 38: 435-438？？
[28]
12 Jones K M, Khatiwala S P, Goldstein S L, et al. Modeling the distribution of Nd isotopes in the oceans using an ocean general circulationmodel. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2008, 272: 610-619？？
[29]
18 Miyao T, Ishikawa K. Formation, distribution and volume transport of the north pacific intermediate water studied by repeat hydrographicobservations. J Oceanogr, 2003, 59: 905-919？？
[30]
21 Kawabe M, Fujio S, Yanagimoto D. Deep-water circulation at low latitudes in the western North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res Part I, 2003, 50:631-656？？
[31]
23 Kawabe M, Yanagimoto D, Kitagawa S, et al. Variations of the deep western boundary current in Wake Island Passage. Deep-Sea Res Part I,2005, 52: 1121-1137？？
[32]
24 Kawabe M, Fujio S. Pacific ocean circulation based on observation. J Oceanogr, 2010, 66: 389-403？？
[33]
28 Amakawa H, Sasaki K, Ebihara M. Nd isotopic composition in the central North Pacific. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2009, 73: 4705-4719？？
[34]
29 Piepgras D J, Jacobsen S B. The isotopic composition of Neodymium in the North Pacific. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1988, 52:1373-1381？？
[35]
30 Siddall M, Khatiwala S, van de Flierdt T, et al. Towards explaining the Nd paradox using reversible scavenging in an ocean generalcirculation model. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2008, 274: 448-461？？
[36]
33 Frogner P, Gislason S R, Oskarsson N. Fertilizing potential of volcanic ash in ocean surface water. Geology, 2001, 29: 487-490？？
[37]
36 van de Flierdt T, Frank M, Lee D C, et al. New constraints on the sources and behavior of Neodymium and hafnium in seawater fromPacific Ocean ferromanganese crusts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2004, 68: 3827-3843？？
[38]
38 Weber E T, Owen R M, Dickens G R, et al. Quantitative resolution of eolian continental crustal material and volcanic detritus in NorthPacific surface sediment. Paleoceanography, 1996, 11: 115-127？？
[39]
39 Jones C E, Halliday A N, Rea D K, et al. Neodymium isotopic variations in North Pacific modern silicate sediment and the insignificanceof detrital REE contributions to seawater. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1994, 127: 55-66？？
[40]
40 Ling H F, Jiang S Y, Frank M, et al. Differing controls over the Cenozoic Pb and Nd isotope evolution of deepwater in the central NorthPacific Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2005, 232: 345-361？？
[41]
41 Tachikawa K, Athias V, Jeandel C. Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 2003, 108, doi: 10.1029/1999jc000285
[42]
42 Frank M, O’Nions R K, Hein J R, et al. 60 Myr records of major elements and Pb-Nd isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts:Reconstruction of seawater paleochemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1999, 63: 1689-1708？？
[43]
43 Han X Q, Jin X L, Yang S F, et al. Rhythmic growth of Pacific ferromanganese nodules and their Milankovitch climatic origin. EarthPlanet Sci Lett, 2003, 211: 143-157？？
