3 True J R, Carroll S B. Gene co-option in physiological and morphological evolution. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2002, 18: 53-80??
[2]
4 Khersonsky O, Roodveldt C, Tawfik D S. Enzyme promiscuity: Evolutionary and mechanistic aspects. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2006, 10:498-508??
[3]
5 Tokuriki N, Tawfik D S. Protein dynamism and evolvability. Science, 2009, 324: 203-207??
[4]
6 Peeters T L. Ghrelin: A new player in the control of gastrointestinal functions. Gut, 2005, 54: 1638-1649??
[5]
7 Murray C D, Kamm M A, Bloom S R, et al. Ghrelin for the gastroenterologist: History and potential. Gastroenterology, 2003, 125:1492-1502??
[6]
8 Walsh J H, Dockaray G J. Gut Peptides: Biochemistry and Physiology. New York: Raven Press, 1993. 261-303
[7]
10 Feighner S D, Tan C P, McKee K K, et al. Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system. Science, 1999, 284:2184-2188??
[8]
11 Holst B, Holliday N D, Bach A, et al. Common structural basis for constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor family. J Biol Chem, 2004,279: 53806-53817??
[9]
12 Altschul S F, Madden T L, Schaffer A A, et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs.Nucleic Acids Res, 1997, 25: 3389-3402??
[10]
14 Tusnady G E, Simon I. The HMMTOP transmembrane topology prediction server. Bioinformatics, 2001, 17: 849-850??
[11]
15 Murphy W J, Eizirik E, O’Brien S J, et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science,2001, 294: 2348-2351??
[12]
16 van Rheede T, Bastiaans T, Boone D N, et al. The platypus is in its place: Nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation ofmonotremes and Therians. Mol Biol Evol, 2006, 23: 587-597
[13]
17 Hedges S B, Kumar S. Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales. Trends Genet, 2003, 19: 200-206??
[14]
18 Hayasaka K, Fujii K, Horai S. Molecular phylogeny of macaques: Implications of nucleotide sequences from an 896-base pair region ofmitochondrial DNA. Mol Biol Evol, 1996, 13: 1044-1053
[15]
19 Springer M S, Murphy W J, Eizirik E, et al. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA, 2003, 100: 1056-1061??
[16]
20 Thompson J D, Higgins D G, Gibson T J. ClustalW: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment throughsequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res, 1994, 22: 4673-4680??
[17]
21 Felsenstein J. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.5c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genetics, University ofWashington, Seattle. 1993
[18]
24 Standfuss J, Xie G, Edwards P C, et al. Crystal structure of a thermally stable rhodopsin mutant. J Mol Biol, 2007, 372: 1179-1188??
[19]
25 Murakami M, Kouyama T. Crystal structure of squid rhodopsin. Nature, 2008, 453: 363-367??
[20]
26 Sayle R A, Milner-White E J. RASMOL: Biomolecular graphics for all. Trends Biochem Sci, 1995, 20: 374??
[21]
29 Chan C B, Cheng C H. Identification and functional characterization of two alternatively spliced growth hormone secretagogue receptortranscripts from the pituitary of black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2004, 214: 81-95??
[22]
35 Fryxell K J. The coevolution of gene family trees. Trends Genet, 1996, 12: 364-369
[23]
38 Kaiya H, Kojima M, Hosoda H, et al. Identification of tilapia ghrelin and its effects on growth hormone and prolactin release in the tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 2003, 135: 421-429??
[24]
41 Ohno S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. New York: Springer, 1970
[25]
42 Kondrashov F A. In search of the limits of evolution. Nat Genet, 2005, 37: 73-76
[26]
1 Darwin C. On the Various Contrivances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilized by Insects and on the Good Effects ofIntercrossing. London: Murray, 1886
[27]
2 Jacob F. Evolution and tinkering. Science, 1977, 196: 1161-1166??
[28]
9 Samson W K, Lumpkin M D, Nilaver G, et al. Motilin: A novel growth hormone releasing agent. Brain Res Bull, 1984, 12: 57-62??
[29]
13 Birney E, Clamp M, Durbin R. GeneWise and genomewise. Genome Res, 2004, 14: 988-995??
[30]
22 Yang Z. PAML: A program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Comput Appl Biosci, 1997, 13: 555-556
[31]
23 Warne T, Serrano-Vega M J, Baker J G, et al. Structure of a beta1-adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature, 2008, 454: 486-491??
[32]
27 Roch G J, Wu S, Sherwood N M. Hormones and receptors in fish: Do duplicates matter? Gen Comp Endocrinol, 2009, 161: 3-12
[33]
28 Taylor J S, Braasch I, Frickey T, et al. Genome duplication, a trait shared by 22000 species of ray-finned fish. Genome Res, 2003, 13: 382-390
[34]
30 Palyha O C, Feighner S D, Tan C P, et al. Ligand activation domain of human orphan growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor(GHS-R) conserved from Pufferfish to humans. Mol Endocrinol, 2000, 14: 160-169??
[35]
31 Zhang J V, Ren P G, Avsian-Kretchmer O, et al. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin’s effects on food intake.Science, 2005, 310: 996-999??
[36]
32 Kaiya H, Kojima M, Hosoda H, et al. Bullfrog ghrelin is modified by n-octanoic acid at its third threonine residue. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276:40441-40448??
[37]
33 Matsuura B, Dong M, Miller L J. Differential determinants for peptide and non-peptidyl ligand binding to the motilin receptor. Criticalrole of second extracellular loop for peptide binding and action. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277: 9834-9839??
[38]
34 Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr Rev, 2000, 21: 90-113??
[39]
36 Irwin D M. Evolution of hormone function: Proglucagon-derived peptides and their receptors. BioScience, 2005, 55: 583-591??
[40]
37 Kaiya H, Kojima M, Hosoda H, et al. Amidated fish ghrelin: Purification, cDNA cloning in the Japanese eel and its biological activity. JEndocrinol, 2003, 176: 415-423??
[41]
39 Unniappan S, Lin X, Cervini L, et al. Goldfish ghrelin: Molecular characterization of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, partialgene structure and evidence for its stimulatory role in food intake. Endocrinology, 2002, 143: 4143-4146??
[42]
40 Bridgham J T, Carroll S M, Thornton J W. Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science, 2006, 312:97-101??