1 Hodge I. Environmental Economics. London: Macmillan Press, 1995
[2]
7 Chen Z G, Yang J Y, Xie Z Q. Economic development of local communities and biodiversity conservation: A case study from ShennongjiaNational Nature Reserve, China. Biodivers Conserv, 2005, 14: 2095-2108??
[3]
9 Goodwin H J, Leader-Williams N. Protected area tourism-distorting conservation prioritie towards charismatic megafauna? In: EntwistleA, Dunstone N, eds. Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity: Has the Panda Had Its Day? Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2000. 257-275
[4]
10 Fowler G. Behavioral and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitation. BiolConserv, 1999, 90: 143-149
[5]
11 Walker B, Boersma P, Wingfield J. Habituation of adult magellanic penguins to human visitation as expressed through behavior and corticosteronesecretion. Conserv Biol, 2006, 20: 146-154??
[6]
13 Muyambi F. The impact of tourism on the behaviour of mountain gorillas. Gorilla J, 2005, 30: 14-15
[7]
14 Walpole M, Leader-Williams N. Masai Mara tourism reveals partnership benefits. Nature, 2001, 413: 771
[8]
15 Nevin O, Gilbert B. Perceived risk, displacement and refuging in brown bears: Positive impacts of ecotourism? Biol Conserv, 2005, 121:611-622
[9]
19 Cole D. Trampling Effects on Mountain Vegetation in Washington, Colorado, New Hampshire and North Carolina, in Research Paper INT464. Washington: Department of Agriculture, 1993
[10]
21 Obua J. The potential, development and ecological impact of ecotourism in Kibale National Park, Uganda. J Environ Manage, 1997, 50:27-38??
[11]
22 Ikeda H. Testing the intermediate disturbance hypothesis on species diversity in herbaceous plant communities along a human tramplinggradient using a 4-year experiment in an old-field. Ecol Res, 2003, 18: 185-197??
[12]
27 Butynski T, Kalina J. Gorilla tourism: A critical look. In: Milner-Gulland E, Mace R, eds. Conservation of Biological Resources. Oxford:Blackwell Science, 1998. 280-300
[13]
28 Woodford M, Butynski T, Karesh W. Habituating the great apes: The disease risks. Oryx, 2002, 36: 153-160
[14]
29 Goldsmith M. Impacts of habituation for ecotourism on the gorillas of Nkuringo. Gorilla J, 2005, 30: 11-13
[15]
34 Boyd S, Butler R. Managing ecotourism: An opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism Manage, 1996, 17: 557-566??
[16]
35 Mullner A, Linsenmair K, Wikelski M. Exposure to ecotourism reduces survival and affects stress response in hoatzin chicks (Opisthocomushoazin). Biol Conserv, 2004, 118: 549-558??
[17]
2 Walpole M, Goodwin H, Ward K. Pricing policy for tourism in protected areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia. ConservBiol, 2001, 5: 218-227
[18]
3 Li B G, Pan R L, Oxnard C E. Extinction of snub-nosed monkeys in China during the past 400 years. Int J Primatol, 2002, 23: 1227-1244??
[19]
4 Ying J S. Aregraphy of the endemic genera of seed plants in China. Acta Phytotaxon Sin, 1996, 34: 479-485
[20]
5 Liu F, Chen W, He J. Population structure and regeneration of Quercusaliena var Acuteserrata in Shennongjia. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 2000,24: 396-401
[21]
6 Xie Z. Characteristic and conservation priority of threatened plants in the Yangtze valley. Biodivers Conserv, 2003, 12: 65-72??
[22]
8 Zar J H. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-hall Inc. Simon & Schuster/A Viacom Company, 1999
[23]
12 Remis M. Prelminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas Gorilla gorilla and other wildlife at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve,Central African Republic. Oryx, 2000, 34: 56-65
[24]
16 Berger J. Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores. Conserv Biol, 1997,11: 69-78??
[25]
17 Simberloff D. Flagships, umbrellas and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the land scapeera? Biol Conserv, 1998, 83:247-257
[26]
18 Hunter C, Green H. Tourism and the Environment: A Sustainable Relationship? London: Routledge, 1995
[27]
20 Sun D, Liddle M. A survey of trampling effects on vegetation and soil in eight tropical and subtropical sites. Environ Manage, 1993, 17:497-510??
[28]
23 Brown K, Turner R, Hameed H, et al. Environmental carrying capacity and tourism development in the Maldives and Nepal. EnvironConserv, 1997, 24: 316-325
[29]
24 Walpole M, Karanja G, Sitati N, et al. Wildlife and People: Conflict and Conservation in Masai Mara, Kenya. London: IIED Wildlife andDevelopment Series, IIED, 2003
[30]
25 Lafferty K, Gerber L. Good medicine for conservation biology: The intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory. Conserv Biol,2002, 16: 593-604??
[31]
26 Johns B. Responses of chimpanzees to habituation and tourism in the Kibale forest, Uganda. Biol Conserv, 1996, 78: 257-262??
[32]
30 Macfie E J, Williamson E A. Best Practice Guidelines for Great Ape Tourism. Switzerland: The IUCN Species Survival Commission,2007
[33]
31 Dunstone N, O'Sullivan J. The impact of ecotourism development on rainforest mammals. In: Taylor V, Dunstone N, eds. The Exploitationof Mammal Populations. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994. 313-333
[34]
32 Klein M, Humphrey S, Percival H. Effects of ecotourism on distribution of waterbirds in a wildlife refuge. Conserv Biol, 1995, 9:1454-1465??
[35]
33 de la Torre S, Snowdon C, Bejarano M. Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Biol Conserv,2000, 94: 153-163??