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科学通报  2015 

西藏近半个世纪以来人类活动的生态环境效应

DOI: 10.1360/N972014-01311, PP. 3057-3066

Keywords: 西藏,人类活动,生态环境,效应

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Abstract:

西藏自然景观独特、生态环境脆弱、文化特色鲜明,其人类活动及其生态环境影响一直受到国内外的高度关注.从人类活动的总量、结构和过程的角度,分析了近半个世纪以来西藏人类活动及生态环境效应的时空特征.结果表明西藏社会经济总规模较小,经济增长速度较快,但发展水平依然偏低;城镇化及农牧业、旅游和交通发展是构成西藏人类活动的主体,人类活动生态环境效应的阶段性和地域性特征显著.阶段性表现为,1990年以前人类活动总体规模较小,GDP总量不超过20亿元,城镇化率17%以下,人类活动对生态环境的影响程度较小;1990~2000年人类活动和生态环境负效应同步发生且增强,单位第二产业产值的废水排放和人均的生活污水排放分别达到467.9t/万元和16.3t/人的历史最高值;2000年后人类活动规模加大,但人类活动方式的调整,促使生态环境逐步向良性方向转型.地域性表现为"点、线、面"的影响格局,城镇化区域的生态环境影响呈现为"点状"集聚,旅游业和交通业使生态环境问题"由点到线(带)"扩散,而农牧业则呈现"面状"影响.总体而言,近半个世纪以来西藏人类活动对生态环境的扰动有限,2000年以来的生态环境负效应基本得到遏制,呈现良性发展的态势.

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