1 General Administration of Sport of China. 2010 National Physical Fitness Surveillance Report. Beijing:People's Sports Publishing House, 2011[国家体育总局. 2010 年国民体质监测报告. 北京:人民体育出版社,
[2]
2 Hallal P C, Andersen L B, Bull F C, et al. Global physical activity levels:Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 2012, 380:247-257
[3]
3 Swift D L, Johannsen N M, Lavie C J, et al. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2014, 56:441-447
[4]
4 Donnelly J E, Blair S N, Jakicic J M, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009, 41:459-471
[5]
5 Verville R E, Ditunno J F Jr, Tuakli-Wosornu Y A, et al. Physical education, exercise, fitness and sports:Early PM&R leaders build a strong foundation. PM R, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.009
[6]
6 Bullo V, Bergamin M, Gobbo S, et al. The effects of Pilates exercise training on physical fitness and wellbeing in the elderly:A systematic review for future exercise prescription. Prev Med, 2015, 75:1-11
[7]
7 Taylor J D, Fletcher J P, Mathis R A, et al. Effects of moderate-versus high-intensity exercise training on physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes:A randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther, 2014, 94:1720-1730
[8]
8 Krogh J, Speyer H, Norgaard H C, et al. Can exercise increase fitness and reduce weight in patients with schizophrenia and depression? Front Psychiatry, 2014, 5:89
[9]
9 Brugniaux J V, Marley C J, Hodson D A, et al. Acute exercise stress reveals cerebrovascular benefits associated with moderate gains in cardiorespiratory fitness. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2014, 34:1873-1876
[10]
10 Schreuder T H, Van Den Munckhof I, Poelkens F, et al. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decreases peripheral but not central artery wall thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2015, 115:317-326
[11]
11 Kim Y S, Nam J S, Yeo D W, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2015, 82:686-694
[12]
12 Chen M S, Lin T C, Jiang B C. Aerobic and resistance exercise training program intervention for enhancing gait function in elderly and chronically ill Taiwanese patients. Public Health, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.04.018
[13]
13 Roma M F, Busse A L, Betoni R A, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise in elderly people concerning physical fitness and ability:A prospective clinical trial. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 2013, 11:153-157
[14]
14 Mendonca G V, Pereira F D, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil, 2013, 34:353-361
[15]
15 Guelfi K J, Donges C E, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolism, 2013, 62:235-243
[16]
16 Miller F L, O'Connor D P, Herring M P, et al. Exercise dose, exercise adherence, and associated health outcomes in the TIGER study. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2014, 46:69-75
[17]
17 Oja P, Bull F C, Fogelholm M, et al. Physical activity recommendations for health:What should Europe do? BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:10
[18]
18 Ross R, Hudson R, Stotz P J, et al. Effects of exercise amount and intensity on abdominal obesity and glucose tolerance in obese adults:A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 162:325-334
[19]
19 Willcocks R J, Williams C A, Barker A R, et al. Age- and sex-related differences in muscle phosphocreatine and oxygenation kinetics during high-intensity exercise in adolescents and adults. NMR Biomed, 2010, 23:569-577
[20]
20 Hunter G R, Bickel C S, Fisher G, et al. Combined aerobic and strength training and energy expenditure in older women. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2013, 45:1386-1393
[21]
21 Bales C W, Hawk V H, Granville E O, et al. Aerobic and resistance training effects on energy intake:The STRRIDE-AT/RT study. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2012, 44:2033-2039
[22]
22 Lundberg T R, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Gustafsson T, et al. Aerobic exercise does not compromise muscle hypertrophy response to short-term resistance training. J Appl Physiol, 2013, 114:81-89
[23]
23 Constable S H, Favier R J, McLane J A, et al. Energy metabolism in contracting rat skeletal muscle:Adaptation to exercise training. Am J Physiol, 1987, 253:C316-C322
[24]
24 Young D A, Chi M M, Lowry O H. Energy metabolism of skeletal muscle biopsies stimulated anaerobically without load in vitro. Am J Physiol, 1986, 250:C813-C820
[25]
25 Hultman E, Chasiotis D, Sjoholm H. Energy metabolism in muscle. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1983, 136:257-272
[26]
26 Fogelholm G M, Kukkonen-Harjula T K, Taipale S A, et al. Resting metabolic rate and energy intake in female gymnasts, figure-skaters and soccer players. Int J Sports Med, 1995, 16:551-556
[27]
27 Shook R P, Hand G A, Paluch A E, et al. Moderate cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with resting metabolic rate in young adults. Mayo Clin Proc, 2014, 89:763-771
[28]
28 Byrne H K, Wilmore J H. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2001, 11:15-31
[29]
29 Morio B, Montaurier C, Pickering G, et al. Effects of 14 weeks of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure in elderly people. Brit J Nutr, 1998, 80:511-519
[30]
30 Ryan A S, Pratley R E, Elahi D, et al. Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol, 1995, 79:818-823
[31]
31 Dolezal B A, Potteiger J A. Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals. J Appl Physiol, 1998, 85:695-700
[32]
32 Pratley R, Nicklas B, Rubin M, et al. Strength training increases resting metabolic rate and norepinephrine levels in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol, 1994, 76:133-137
[33]
33 Lee M G, Sedlock D A, Flynn M G, et al. Resting metabolic rate after endurance exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009, 41:1444-1451
[34]
34 Santa-Clara H, Szymanski L, Ordille T, et al. Effects of exercise training on resting metabolic rate in postmenopausal African American and Caucasian women. Metabolism, 2006, 55:1358-1364
[35]
35 Koshimizu T, Matsushima Y, Yokota Y, et al. Basal metabolic rate and body composition of elite Japanese male athletes. J Med Invest, 2012, 59:253-260
[36]
36 Brazil D P, Hemmings B A. Ten years of protein kinase B signalling:A hard Akt to follow. Trends Biochem Sci, 2001, 26:657-664
[37]
37 Hay N, Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Gene Dev, 2004, 18:1926-1945
[38]
38 Sanchez A M, Csibi A, Raibon A, et al. eIF3f:A central regulator of the antagonism atrophy/hypertrophy in skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2013, 45:2158-2162
[39]
39 Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Poulin F, Kohara M, et al. Adipose tissue reduction in mice lacking the translational inhibitor 4E-BP1. Nat Med, 2001, 7:1128-1132
[40]
40 Martin D E, Hall M N. The expanding TOR signaling network. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2005, 17:158-166
[41]
41 de Souza E, Tricoli V, Bueno Junior C, et al. The acute effects of strength, endurance and concurrent exercises on the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 and AMPK signaling pathway responses in rat skeletal muscle. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2013, 46:343-347
[42]
42 Wang L, Mascher H, Psilander N, et al. Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 2011, 111:1335-1344
[43]
43 Tadaishi M, Miura S, Kai Y, et al. Skeletal muscle-specific expression of PGC-1α-b, an exercise-responsive isoform, increases exercise capacity and peak oxygen uptake. PLoS One, 2011, 6:e28290
[44]
45 Leick L, Hellsten Y, Fentz J, et al. PGC-1α mediates exercise-induced skeletal muscle VEGF expression in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2009, 297:E92-E103
[45]
46 Ruas J L, White J P, Rao R R, et al. A PGC-1α isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell, 2012, 151:1319-1331
[46]
47 Arany Z, Lebrasseur N, Morris C, et al. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1β drives the formation of oxidative type IIX fibers in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab, 2007, 5:35-46
[47]
48 Lee Y H, Jung Y S, Choi D. Recent advance in brown adipose physiology and its therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med, 2014, 46:e78
[48]
49 Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski M P, et al. A PGC1α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 2012, 481:463-468
[49]
50 Long Y C, Zierath J R. Influence of AMP-activated protein kinase and calcineurin on metabolic networks in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 295:E545-E552
[50]
51 Olesen J, Kiilerich K, Pilegaard H. PGC-1α-mediated adaptations in skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch, 2010, 460:153-162
[51]
52 Barzilai N, Huffman D M, Muzumdar R H, et al. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes, 2012, 61:1315-1322
[52]
53 Zouhal H, Lemoine-Morel S, Mathieu M E, et al. Catecholamines and obesity:Effects of exercise and training. Sports Med, 2013, 43:591-600
[53]
54 Engeli S, Birkenfeld A L, Badin P M, et al. Natriuretic peptides enhance the oxidative capacity of human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest, 2012, 122:4675-4679
[54]
55 Bonen A. PGC-1α-induced improvements in skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2009, 34:307-314
[55]
56 Apro W, Wang L, Ponten M, et al. Resistance exercise induced mTORC1 signaling is not impaired by subsequent endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 305:E22-E32
[56]
57 Little J P, Safdar A, Bishop D, et al. An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2011, 300:R1303-R1310
[57]
58 Quinn L S, Anderson B G, Conner J D, et al. IL-15 overexpression promotes endurance, oxidative energy metabolism, and muscle PPARdelta, SIRT1, PGC-1alpha, and PGC-1beta expression in male mice. Endocrinology, 2013, 154:232-245
[58]
59 Mortensen O H, Plomgaard P, Fischer C P, et al. PGC-1β is downregulated by training in human skeletal muscle:No effect of training twice every second day vs. once daily on expression of the PGC-1 family. J Appl Physiol, 2007, 103:1536-1542
[59]
60 Malek M H, Huttemann M, Lee I, et al. Similar skeletal muscle angiogenic and mitochondrial signalling following 8 weeks of endurance exercise in mice:Discontinuous versus continuous training. Exp Physiol, 2013, 98:807-818
[60]
61 Kr？mer D K, Ahlsen M, Norrbom J, et al. Human skeletal muscle fibre type variations correlate with PPARα, PPARδ and PGC-1α mRNA. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2006, 188:207-216
[61]
62 Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks L M, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell, 2012, 150:366-376
[62]
63 Stanford K I, Middelbeek R J, Townsend K L, et al. Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123:215-223
[63]
64 Virtanen K A, Lidell M E, Orava J, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. New Engl J Med, 2009, 360:1518-1525
[64]
65 Cohen P, Levy J D, Zhang Y, et al. Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch. Cell, 2014, 156:304-316
[65]
66 Ringholm S, Grunnet Knudsen J, Leick L, et al. PGC-1α is required for exercise- and exercise training-induced UCP1 up-regulation in mouse white adipose tissue. PLoS One, 2013, 8:e64123
[66]
67 Pedersen B K, Febbraio M A. Muscles, exercise and obesity:Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2012, 8:457-465
[67]
68 Pedersen B K. A muscular twist on the fate of fat. New Engl J Med, 2012, 366:1544-1545
[68]
69 Shan T, Liang X, Bi P, et al. Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through activating the AMPK-PGC1α-Fndc5 pathway in muscle. FASEB J, 2013, 27:1981-1989
[69]
70 Wrann C D, White J P, Salogiannnis J, et al. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab, 2013, 18:649-659
[70]
71 Huh J Y, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, et al. FNDC5 and irisin in humans:I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism, 2012, 61:1725-1738
[71]
72 Norheim F, Langleite T M, Hjorth M, et al. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS J, 2014, 281:739-749
[72]
73 Pekkala S, Wiklund P K, Hulmi J J, et al. Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health? J Physiol, 2013, 591:5393-54001 General Administration of Sport of China. 2010 National Physical Fitness Surveillance Report. Beijing:People's Sports Publishing House, 2011[国家体育总局. 2010 年国民体质监测报告. 北京:人民体育出版社,
[73]
2 Hallal P C, Andersen L B, Bull F C, et al. Global physical activity levels:Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 2012, 380:247-257
[74]
3 Swift D L, Johannsen N M, Lavie C J, et al. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2014, 56:441-447
[75]
4 Donnelly J E, Blair S N, Jakicic J M, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009, 41:459-471
[76]
5 Verville R E, Ditunno J F Jr, Tuakli-Wosornu Y A, et al. Physical education, exercise, fitness and sports:Early PM&R leaders build a strong foundation. PM R, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.009
[77]
6 Bullo V, Bergamin M, Gobbo S, et al. The effects of Pilates exercise training on physical fitness and wellbeing in the elderly:A systematic review for future exercise prescription. Prev Med, 2015, 75:1-11
[78]
7 Taylor J D, Fletcher J P, Mathis R A, et al. Effects of moderate-versus high-intensity exercise training on physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes:A randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther, 2014, 94:1720-1730
[79]
8 Krogh J, Speyer H, Norgaard H C, et al. Can exercise increase fitness and reduce weight in patients with schizophrenia and depression? Front Psychiatry, 2014, 5:89
[80]
9 Brugniaux J V, Marley C J, Hodson D A, et al. Acute exercise stress reveals cerebrovascular benefits associated with moderate gains in cardiorespiratory fitness. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2014, 34:1873-1876
[81]
10 Schreuder T H, Van Den Munckhof I, Poelkens F, et al. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decreases peripheral but not central artery wall thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2015, 115:317-326
[82]
11 Kim Y S, Nam J S, Yeo D W, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2015, 82:686-694
[83]
12 Chen M S, Lin T C, Jiang B C. Aerobic and resistance exercise training program intervention for enhancing gait function in elderly and chronically ill Taiwanese patients. Public Health, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.04.018
[84]
13 Roma M F, Busse A L, Betoni R A, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise in elderly people concerning physical fitness and ability:A prospective clinical trial. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 2013, 11:153-157
[85]
14 Mendonca G V, Pereira F D, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil, 2013, 34:353-361
[86]
15 Guelfi K J, Donges C E, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolism, 2013, 62:235-243
[87]
16 Miller F L, O'Connor D P, Herring M P, et al. Exercise dose, exercise adherence, and associated health outcomes in the TIGER study. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2014, 46:69-75
[88]
17 Oja P, Bull F C, Fogelholm M, et al. Physical activity recommendations for health:What should Europe do? BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:10
[89]
18 Ross R, Hudson R, Stotz P J, et al. Effects of exercise amount and intensity on abdominal obesity and glucose tolerance in obese adults:A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 162:325-334
[90]
19 Willcocks R J, Williams C A, Barker A R, et al. Age- and sex-related differences in muscle phosphocreatine and oxygenation kinetics during high-intensity exercise in adolescents and adults. NMR Biomed, 2010, 23:569-577
[91]
20 Hunter G R, Bickel C S, Fisher G, et al. Combined aerobic and strength training and energy expenditure in older women. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2013, 45:1386-1393
[92]
21 Bales C W, Hawk V H, Granville E O, et al. Aerobic and resistance training effects on energy intake:The STRRIDE-AT/RT study. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2012, 44:2033-2039
[93]
22 Lundberg T R, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Gustafsson T, et al. Aerobic exercise does not compromise muscle hypertrophy response to short-term resistance training. J Appl Physiol, 2013, 114:81-89
[94]
23 Constable S H, Favier R J, McLane J A, et al. Energy metabolism in contracting rat skeletal muscle:Adaptation to exercise training. Am J Physiol, 1987, 253:C316-C322
[95]
24 Young D A, Chi M M, Lowry O H. Energy metabolism of skeletal muscle biopsies stimulated anaerobically without load in vitro. Am J Physiol, 1986, 250:C813-C820
[96]
25 Hultman E, Chasiotis D, Sjoholm H. Energy metabolism in muscle. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1983, 136:257-272
[97]
26 Fogelholm G M, Kukkonen-Harjula T K, Taipale S A, et al. Resting metabolic rate and energy intake in female gymnasts, figure-skaters and soccer players. Int J Sports Med, 1995, 16:551-556
[98]
27 Shook R P, Hand G A, Paluch A E, et al. Moderate cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with resting metabolic rate in young adults. Mayo Clin Proc, 2014, 89:763-771
[99]
28 Byrne H K, Wilmore J H. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2001, 11:15-31
[100]
29 Morio B, Montaurier C, Pickering G, et al. Effects of 14 weeks of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure in elderly people. Brit J Nutr, 1998, 80:511-519
[101]
30 Ryan A S, Pratley R E, Elahi D, et al. Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol, 1995, 79:818-823
[102]
31 Dolezal B A, Potteiger J A. Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals. J Appl Physiol, 1998, 85:695-700
[103]
32 Pratley R, Nicklas B, Rubin M, et al. Strength training increases resting metabolic rate and norepinephrine levels in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol, 1994, 76:133-137
[104]
33 Lee M G, Sedlock D A, Flynn M G, et al. Resting metabolic rate after endurance exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009, 41:1444-1451
[105]
34 Santa-Clara H, Szymanski L, Ordille T, et al. Effects of exercise training on resting metabolic rate in postmenopausal African American and Caucasian women. Metabolism, 2006, 55:1358-1364
[106]
35 Koshimizu T, Matsushima Y, Yokota Y, et al. Basal metabolic rate and body composition of elite Japanese male athletes. J Med Invest, 2012, 59:253-260
[107]
36 Brazil D P, Hemmings B A. Ten years of protein kinase B signalling:A hard Akt to follow. Trends Biochem Sci, 2001, 26:657-664
[108]
37 Hay N, Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Gene Dev, 2004, 18:1926-1945
[109]
38 Sanchez A M, Csibi A, Raibon A, et al. eIF3f:A central regulator of the antagonism atrophy/hypertrophy in skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2013, 45:2158-2162
[110]
39 Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Poulin F, Kohara M, et al. Adipose tissue reduction in mice lacking the translational inhibitor 4E-BP1. Nat Med, 2001, 7:1128-1132
[111]
40 Martin D E, Hall M N. The expanding TOR signaling network. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2005, 17:158-166
[112]
41 de Souza E, Tricoli V, Bueno Junior C, et al. The acute effects of strength, endurance and concurrent exercises on the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 and AMPK signaling pathway responses in rat skeletal muscle. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2013, 46:343-347
[113]
42 Wang L, Mascher H, Psilander N, et al. Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 2011, 111:1335-1344
[114]
43 Tadaishi M, Miura S, Kai Y, et al. Skeletal muscle-specific expression of PGC-1α-b, an exercise-responsive isoform, increases exercise capacity and peak oxygen uptake. PLoS One, 2011, 6:e28290
[115]
44 Bakkar N, Ladner K, Canan B D, et al. IKKα and alternative NF-κβ regulate PGC-1β to promote oxidative muscle metabolism. J Cell Biol, 2012, 196:497-511
[116]
45 Leick L, Hellsten Y, Fentz J, et al. PGC-1α mediates exercise-induced skeletal muscle VEGF expression in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2009, 297:E92-E103
[117]
46 Ruas J L, White J P, Rao R R, et al. A PGC-1α isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell, 2012, 151:1319-1331
[118]
47 Arany Z, Lebrasseur N, Morris C, et al. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1β drives the formation of oxidative type IIX fibers in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab, 2007, 5:35-46
[119]
48 Lee Y H, Jung Y S, Choi D. Recent advance in brown adipose physiology and its therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med, 2014, 46:e78
[120]
49 Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski M P, et al. A PGC1α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 2012, 481:463-468
[121]
50 Long Y C, Zierath J R. Influence of AMP-activated protein kinase and calcineurin on metabolic networks in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 295:E545-E552
[122]
51 Olesen J, Kiilerich K, Pilegaard H. PGC-1α-mediated adaptations in skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch, 2010, 460:153-162
[123]
52 Barzilai N, Huffman D M, Muzumdar R H, et al. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes, 2012, 61:1315-1322
[124]
53 Zouhal H, Lemoine-Morel S, Mathieu M E, et al. Catecholamines and obesity:Effects of exercise and training. Sports Med, 2013, 43:591-600
[125]
54 Engeli S, Birkenfeld A L, Badin P M, et al. Natriuretic peptides enhance the oxidative capacity of human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest, 2012, 122:4675-4679
[126]
55 Bonen A. PGC-1α-induced improvements in skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2009, 34:307-314
[127]
56 Apro W, Wang L, Ponten M, et al. Resistance exercise induced mTORC1 signaling is not impaired by subsequent endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 305:E22-E32
[128]
57 Little J P, Safdar A, Bishop D, et al. An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2011, 300:R1303-R1310
[129]
58 Quinn L S, Anderson B G, Conner J D, et al. IL-15 overexpression promotes endurance, oxidative energy metabolism, and muscle PPARdelta, SIRT1, PGC-1alpha, and PGC-1beta expression in male mice. Endocrinology, 2013, 154:232-245
[130]
59 Mortensen O H, Plomgaard P, Fischer C P, et al. PGC-1β is downregulated by training in human skeletal muscle:No effect of training twice every second day vs. once daily on expression of the PGC-1 family. J Appl Physiol, 2007, 103:1536-1542
[131]
60 Malek M H, Huttemann M, Lee I, et al. Similar skeletal muscle angiogenic and mitochondrial signalling following 8 weeks of endurance exercise in mice:Discontinuous versus continuous training. Exp Physiol, 2013, 98:807-818
[132]
61 Kr？mer D K, Ahlsen M, Norrbom J, et al. Human skeletal muscle fibre type variations correlate with PPARα, PPARδ and PGC-1α mRNA. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 2006, 188:207-216
[133]
62 Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks L M, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell, 2012, 150:366-376
[134]
63 Stanford K I, Middelbeek R J, Townsend K L, et al. Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123:215-223
[135]
64 Virtanen K A, Lidell M E, Orava J, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. New Engl J Med, 2009, 360:1518-1525
[136]
65 Cohen P, Levy J D, Zhang Y, et al. Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch. Cell, 2014, 156:304-316
[137]
66 Ringholm S, Grunnet Knudsen J, Leick L, et al. PGC-1α is required for exercise- and exercise training-induced UCP1 up-regulation in mouse white adipose tissue. PLoS One, 2013, 8:e64123
[138]
67 Pedersen B K, Febbraio M A. Muscles, exercise and obesity:Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2012, 8:457-465
[139]
68 Pedersen B K. A muscular twist on the fate of fat. New Engl J Med, 2012, 366:1544-1545
[140]
69 Shan T, Liang X, Bi P, et al. Myostatin knockout drives browning of white adipose tissue through activating the AMPK-PGC1α-Fndc5 pathway in muscle. FASEB J, 2013, 27:1981-1989
[141]
70 Wrann C D, White J P, Salogiannnis J, et al. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab, 2013, 18:649-659
[142]
71 Huh J Y, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, et al. FNDC5 and irisin in humans:I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism, 2012, 61:1725-1738
[143]
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