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科学通报  2011 

路面蜃景:热空气的把戏?

, PP. 275-280

Keywords: 下蜃景,粗糙路面,反射,折射,瑞利准则

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Abstract:

路面“下蜃景”是日常生活中极易见到的现象.长期以来,它被学术界公认为是由于路面空气层温度梯度引起的折射率梯度所形成的一种光的折射现象.但也有一种不同的观点,认为蜃景就是在掠入射条件下的一种镜反射现象.由于缺少合理、定量的证据,公认的光折射理论并没有受到动摇.本文展示了几幅从湖北省武汉市喻家山北路的一段路面上实验拍摄到的蜃景图像,拍摄时间为2009年12月的冬日.同时,采用热电偶测量结果表明,该路表面及其上空气层并无明显的温度梯度.这个实验为质疑“下蜃景”由温度梯度引起光线折射而形成的理论提供了直接证据.此外,检测发现,发生蜃景反射的道路平面上的临界掠入射角约0.2°,根据瑞利准则,这个角度不能使粗糙面像光滑表面一样将入射光反射.所以,该现象应作为粗糙面散射的一个似镜反射观测效果,并不能从根本上由光在空气层中发生折射来解释.本研究结果表明,这里展示的成像机制和基于观测的分析方法,为认识在粗糙面的掠入射条件下发生的多种散射现象提供了一种有潜力的方法,如在结冰湖面上偶然观测到的亮度异常的“上蜃景”以及非镜向反射峰值现象.

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