1 Denies P. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz P, Fontes J C, eds. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 1, The Terrestrial Environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1980. 339-345
[2]
2 O’Leary M H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 553-567？？
[3]
4 Farquhar G D, Ehleringer J R, Hubick K T. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol, 1989, 40:503-537？？
[4]
8 Cerling T E, Harris J M, MacFadden B J, et al. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 1997, 389: 153-158？？
[5]
10 Jolly D, Haxeltine A. Effect of low glacial atmospheric CO2 on tropical African montane vegetation. Science, 1997, 276: 786-788？？
[6]
13 Damsté J S S, Verschuren D, Ossebaar J, et al. A 25000-year record of climate-induced changes in lowland vegetation of eastern equatorial Africa revealed by the stable carbon-isotopic composition of fossil plant leaf waxes. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2011, 302: 236-246？？
21 Huang Y S, Street-Perrott F A, Perrott R A, et al. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from molecular and compound- specific δ13C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake, Mt. Kenya. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1999, 63: 1383-1404？？
[9]
22 Ficken K J, Street-Perrott F A, Perrott R A, et al. Glacial/interglacial variations in carbon cycling revealed by molecular and isotope stratigraphy of Lake Nkunga, Mt. Kenya, East Africa. Org Geochem, 1998, 29: 1701-1719？？
[10]
23 Olago D O, Street-Perrott F A, Perrott R A, et al. Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycle of climatic and environmental change on Mount Kenya, Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci, 1999, 29: 593-618？？
[11]
25 Salzmann U, Hoelzmann P, Morczinek I. Late quaternary climate and vegetation of the Sudanian Zone of Northeast Nigeria. Quat Res,2002, 58: 73-83？？
[12]
27 Ambrose S H, Sikes N E. Soil carbon isotope evidence for Holocene habitat change in the Kenya Rift Valley. Science, 1991, 253: 1402-1405？？
[13]
32 Makou M C, Hughen K A, Xu L, et al. Isotopic records of tropical vegetation and climate change from terrestrial vascular plant biomarkers preserved in Cariaco Basin sediments. Org Geochem, 2007, 38: 1680-1691？？
[14]
34 Liu W G, Huang Y S, An Z S, et al. Summer monsoon intensity controls C4/C3 plants abundance during the last 35 ka in the Chinese Loess Plateau: Carbon isotope evidence from bulk organic matter and individual leaf waxes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2005, 220:243-254？？
36 Stewart G R, Turnbull M H, Schmidt S, et al. 13C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: A biological integrator of water availability. Aust J Plant Physiol, 1995, 22: 51-55？？
40 Melillo J M, Aber J D, Linkins A E, et al. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: Plant litter to soil organic matter. Plant Soil, 1989, 115: 189-198？？
[19]
41 Yamada K, Ishiwatari R. Carbon isotopic composition of long-chain n-alkanes in the Japan Sea sediments: Implication for paleoenvironmental changes over the past 85 kyr. Org Geochem, 1999, 30: 367-377？？
[20]
42 Krishnamurthy R V, DeNiro M J. Isotope evidence for Pleistocene climatic changes in Kashmir, India. Nature, 1982, 298: 640-641？？
[21]
48 Olson C G, Porter D A. Isotopic and Geomorphic evidence for Holocene Climate, Southwestern Kansas. Quat Int, 2002, 87: 29-44？？
[22]
49 Ratnayake N P, Suzuki N, Okada M, et al. The variations of stable carbon isotope ratio of land plant-derived n-alkanes in deep-sea sediments from the Bearing Sea and the North Pacific Ocean during the last 250000 years. Chem Geol, 2006, 228: 197-208？？
[23]
3 O’Leary M H. Carbon isotope in photosynthesis. BioScience, 1988, 38: 328-336？？
[24]
5 Sage R F, Wedin D A, Li M R. The biogeography of C4 photosynthesis: Patterns and controlling factors. In: Sage R F, Monson R K, eds. C4 Plan Biology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999. 313-373
[25]
6 Quade J, Cerling T E, Bowman J R. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature, 1989, 342: 163-166？？
[26]
7 Cerling T E, Wang Y, Quade J. Expansion of C4 ecosystems as in indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature, 1993,361: 344-345？？
[27]
9 Street-Perrott F A, Huang Y S, Perrott R A, et al. Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems. Science,1997, 278: 1422-1426？？
[28]
11 Huang Y S, Street-Perrott F A, Metcalfe S E, et al. Climate change as the dominant control on glacial-interglacial variation in C3 and C4 plant abundance. Science, 2001, 293: 1647-1651？？
[29]
12 Casta？eda I S, Werne J P, Johnson T C, et al. Late Quaternary vegetation history of southeast Africa: The molecular isotopic record from Lake Malawi. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2009, 275: 100-112？？
[30]
14 Boom A, Marchant R, Hooghiemstra H, et al. CO2- and temperature-controlled altitudinal shifts of C4- and C3-dominated grasslands allow reconstruction of palaeoatmospheric pCO2. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2002, 177: 151-168？？
[31]
15 Mora G, Pratt L M. Carbon isotopic evidence from paleosols for mixed C3/C4 vegetation in the Bogota Basin, Colombia. Quat Sci Rev,2002, 21: 985-995？？
[32]
17 林本海, 刘荣谟. 最近800 ka 黄土高原夏季风变迁的稳定同位素证据. 科学通报, 1992, 18: 1691-1693
19 Zhang Z H, Zhao M X, Lu H Y, et al. Lower temperature as the main cause of C4 plant declines during the glacial periods on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2003, 214: 467-481？？
[35]
20 Huang Y S, Freeman K H, Eglinton T I, et al. δ13C analyses of individual lignin phenols in Quaternary lake sediments: A novel proxy for deciphering past terrestrial vegetation changes. Geology, 1999, 27: 471-474？？
[36]
24 Ficken K J, Woller M J, Swain D L, et al. Reconstruction of a subalpine grass-dominated ecosystem, Lake Rutundu, Mt. Kenya: A novel multi-proxy approach. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2002, 177: 137-149？？
[37]
26 Aucour A-M, Bonnefille R, Hillaire-Marcel C. Sources and accumulation rates of organic carbon in an equatorial peat bog (Burundi, East Africa) during the Holocene: Carbon isotope constraints. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 1999, 150: 179-189？？
[38]
28 Maitima J M. Vegetation response to climatic change in Central Rift Valley, Kenya. Quat Res, 1991, 35: 234-245？？
[39]
29 Kaars S V D, Dam R. Vegetation and climate change in West-java, Indonesia during the last 135000 years. Quat Int, 1997, 37: 67-71
[40]
30 Galy V, Fran？ois L, France-Lanord C, et al. C4 plants decline in the Himalayan basin since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat Sci Rev, 2008,27: 1396-1409？？
[41]
31 Hughen K A, Eglinton T I, Xu L, et al. Abrupt tropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes. Science, 2004, 304: 1955-1959？？
[42]
33 Vidic N J, Monta？ez I P. Climatically driven glacial-interglacial variations in C3 and C4 plant proportions on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geology, 2004, 32: 337-340？？
[43]
38 Diefendorfa A F, Muellerb K E, Wing S L, et al. Global patterns in leaf 13C discrimination and implications for studies of past and future climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 5738-5743？？
[44]
39 Wang G A, Feng X, Han J M, et al. Paleovegetation reconstruction using δ13C of soil organic matter. Biogeosciences, 2008, 5: 1325-1337？？
[45]
43 Krishnamurthy R V, Bhattacharya S K. Paleovegetational history in the Kashmir basin, India, derived from 13C/12C ratio in paleosols. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1989, 95: 291-296
[46]
44 Johnson W C, Willey K L. Isotopic and rock magnetic expression of environmental change at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the central Great Plains. Quat Int, 2000, 67: 89-106？？
[47]
45 Nordt L C, Boutton T W, Hallmark C T, et al. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate changes in central texas based on the isotopic composition of organic carbon. Quat Res, 1994, 41: 109-120？？
[48]
46 Nordt L C, Boutton T W, Jacob J S, et al. C4 plant productivity and climate-CO2 variation in South-central Texas during the Late Quaternary. Quat Res, 2002, 58: 182-188？？
[49]
47 Driese S G, Li Z H, Horn S P. Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate and geomorphic histories as interpreted from a 23000 14C yr BP paleosol and floodplain soils, southeastern West Virginia, USA. Quat Res, 2005, 63: 136-149？？
