10 Xiao J F, Zhuang Q L, Liang E Y, et al. Twentieth-century droughts and their impacts on terrestrial carbon cycling in China. Earth Int, 2009, 13: 1-31
24 Wang A H, Lettenmaier D P, Sheffield J. Soil moisture drought in China, 1950-2006. J Clim, 2010, 24: 3257-3271
[16]
26 Robock A, Schlosser C A, Vinnikov K Y, et al. Evaluation of the AMIP soil moisture simulations. Glob Planet Change, 1998, 19: 181-208??
[17]
28 Krishnamurti T N, Kishtawal C M, Larow T E, et al. Improved weather and seasonal climate forecasts from multimodel superensemble. Science, 1999, 285: 1548-1550??
[18]
29 Barnston A G, Mason S J, Goddard L, et al. Multimodel ensembling in seasonal climate forecasting at IRI. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 2003, 84: 1783-1796??
[19]
30 Palmer T N, Alessandri A, Andersen U, et al. Development of a european multimodel ensemble system for seasonal-to-interannual prediction (DEMETER). Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 2004, 85: 853-872??
[20]
31 Guo Z C, Dirmeyer P A, Gao X, et al. Improving the quality of simulated soil moisture with a multi-model ensemble approach. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc, 2007, 133: 731-747??
[21]
33 Sheffield J, Wood E F. Projected changes in drought occurrence under future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario, IPCC AR4 simulations. Clim Dyn, 2008, 31: 79-105
[22]
37 Frei A, Gong G. Decadal to century scale trends in north american snow extent in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. Geophys Res Lett, 2005, 32, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023394
[23]
38 Randall D A, Wood R A, Bony S, et al. Cilmate models and their evaluation. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, et al, eds. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution Of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY (US): Cambridge University Press, 2007. 597-599
[24]
39 Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood E F. Development of a 50-yr high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling. J Clim, 2006, 19: 3088-3111??
[25]
40 Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Dickinson R E, et al. The common land model. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 2003, 84: 1013-1023??
[26]
43 Dai A G, Trenberth K E, Qian T T. A global dataset of palmer drought severity index for 1870-2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming. J Hydrometeorol, 2004, 5: 1117-1130??
[27]
44 Mahfouf J F, Manzi A O, Noilhan J, et al. The land-surface scheme ISBA within the meteo-france climate model ARPEGE. Part I. Implementation and preliminary-results. J Clim, 1995, 8: 2039-2057??
[28]
48 Hagemann S, Gates L D. Validation of the hydrological cycle of ECMWF and NCEP reanalyses using the MPI hydrological discharge model. J Geophys Res, 2001, 106: 1503-1510??
[29]
49 Schulz J P, Dumenil L, Polcher J. On the land surface-atmosphere coupling and its impact in a single-column atmospheric model. J Appl Meteorol, 2001, 40: 642-663??
[30]
50 Roeckner E, Brokopf R, Esch M, et al. Sensitivity of simulated climate to horizontal and vertical resolution in the ECHAM5 atmosphere model. J Clim, 2006, 19: 3771-3791??
[31]
53 Krinner G, Viovy N, De Noblet-Ducoudre N, et al. A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 2005, 19, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002199
[32]
54 Sellers P J, Mintz Y, Sud Y C, et al. A simple biosphere model (SIB) for use within general circulation models. J Atmos Sci, 1986, 43: 505-531??
[33]
55 Sato N, Sellers P J, Randall D A, et al. Effects of implementing the simple biosphere model in a general-circulation model. J Atmos Sci, 1989, 46: 2757-2782??
[34]
57 Miller J R, Russell G L, Caliri G. Continental-scale river flow in climate models. J Clim, 1994, 7: 914-928??
[35]
58 Oleson K W, Bonan G B, Feddema J. Effects of white roofs on urban temperature in a global climate model. Geophys Res Lett, 2010, 37, doi: 10.1029/2009GL042194
[36]
61 Ma Z, Dan L, Hu Y. The extreme dry/wet events in northern china during recent 100 years. J Geogr Sci, 2004, 14: 275-281??
[37]
62 Yang J P, Ding Y J, Chen R S, et al. Fluctuations of the semi-arid zone in china, and consequences for society. Clim Change, 2005, 72: 171-188??
7 Yeh T C, Wetherald R T, Manabe S. The effect of soil-moisture on the short-term climate and hydrology change—A numerical experiment. Mon Weather Rev, 1984, 112: 474-490??
[43]
8 Koster R D, Dirmeyer P A, Guo Z C, et al. Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation. Science, 2004, 305: 1138-1140??
[44]
11 Lovett R A. Global warming-rain might be leading carbon sink factor. Science, 2002, 296: 1787??
[45]
18 Robock A, Vinnikov K Y, Srinivasan G, et al. The global soil moisture data bank. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 2000, 81: 1281-1299??
23 Wu Z Y, Lu G H, Wen L, et al. Reconstructing and analyzing China’s fifty-nine year (1951-2009) drought history using hydrological model simulation. Hydrol Earth Sys Sci, 2011, 15: 2881-2894??
[48]
25 Meehl G A, Covey C, Delworth T, et al. The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset—A new era in climate change research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 2007, 88: 1383-1394??
[49]
27 Li H B, Robock A, Wild M. Evaluation of intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment soil moisture simulations for the second half of the twentieth century. J Geophys Res, 2007, 112, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007455
[50]
32 Gao X, Dirmeyer P A. A multimodel analysis, validation, and transferability study of global soil wetness products. J Hydrometeorol, 2006, 7: 1218-1236??
[51]
34 Wetherald R T, Manabe S. Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming. J Geophys Res, 2002, 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001195
[52]
35 Wang G L. Agricultural drought in a future climate: Results from 15 global climate models participating in the IPCC 4th assessment. Clim Dyn, 2005, 25: 739-753??
[53]
36 Nakicenovic N, Alcamo J, Davis G, et al. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY (US): Cambridge University Press, 2000. 6-10
[54]
41 Oleson K W, Niu G Y, Yang Z L, et al. Improvements to the Community Land Model and their impact on the hydrological cycle. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113, doi: 10.1029/2007JG000563
[55]
42 Li M X, Ma Z G. Comparisons of simulations of soil moisture variations in the Yellow River basin driven by various atmospheric forcing data sets. Adv Atmos Sci, 2010, 27: 1289-1302??
[56]
45 Douville H, Royer J F, Mahfouf J F. A new snow parameterization for the meteo-france climate model. Part I. Validation in stand-alone experiments. Clim Dyn, 1995, 12: 21-35??
[57]
46 Douville H, Royer J F, Mahfouf J F. A new snow parameterization for the meteo-france climate model. Part II. Validation in a 3-D GCM experiment. Clim Dyn, 1995, 12: 37-52
[58]
47 Oki T, Sud Y C. Design of Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP)—A global river channel network. Earth Interact, 1998, 2: 1-37
[59]
51 Roeckner E, B?uml G, Bonaventura L. The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5: Part I: Model description. Max-Planck- Institut für Meteorologie, Bundesstrasse 55 D-20146 Hamburg Germany, 2003. 35-43
[60]
52 Essery R, Pomeroy J, Parviainen J, et al. Sublimation of Snow from coniferous forests in a climate model. J Clim, 2003, 16: 1855-1864??
[61]
56 Abramopoulos F, Rosenzweig C, Choudhury B. Improved ground hydrology calculations for Global Climate Models (GCMs): Soil water movement and evapotranspiration. J Clim, 1988, 1: 921-941??
[62]
59 Oleson K W, Niu G Y, Yang Z L, et al. Improvements to the community land model and their impact on the hydrological cycle. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113, doi: 10.1029/2007JG000563