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科学通报  2014 

城市水文学研究综述

DOI: 10.1360/N972014-00327, PP. 3581-3590

Keywords: 城市水文学,城市化,雨岛效应,干湿岛效应

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Abstract:

城市水文学是水文学的一个重要分支,20世纪80年代正式独立成为一门学科.城市水文学发展早期重点关注城市供排水工程设计等水文计算问题.随着全球城市化进程的推进,城市水文过程演化及其伴生效应日益凸显,城市水循环机理发生了深刻变化.城市“雨岛效应”、“干/湿岛效应”等现象日益明显,城市暴雨内涝、水污染等事件频繁发生,这些新问题使城市水文学研究出现了新任务和新领域.目前城市水文学基础研究大体可分为两大主要方向城市化的水文过程及其伴生效应识别与描述;城市水文过程机理解析与模拟计算.城市化的水文效应方面的研究较多,对“雨岛效应”产生机理的认识也较统一,但对城市“干/湿岛效应”的研究结论在不同地区并不一致.城市化伴生效应方面,近些年对水环境以及水生态效应的研究得到了重视和加强,建立了城市水质模型和生态承载力理论等.城市水文过程机理解析与模拟方面,“自然侧”的降水-产汇流研究比较系统,已建立了包括城市屋面、硬化地面、城市绿地等复杂城市下垫面的降水-蒸发-径流定量模拟模型;“社会侧”对城市用水规律和需求预测研究比较充分,然而对城市人工取用水的耗水机理研究较少.总的来看,城市水文学未来的发展需从城市耗用水机理、城市水文极端事件模拟与综合应对,以及城市群叠加水文效应的定量评估和预测等方面寻求突破.

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