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欧美国家绅士化问题的城市地理学研究进展

DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.06.020, PP. 825-834

Keywords: 北美,欧洲,绅士化,中产阶级,租差

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Abstract:

欧洲和北美地区的绅士化研究代表着世界绅士化研究的主流与方向。在介绍绅士化的传统与衍生概念的基础上,对绅士化概念问世以来的主要理论解释派系进行分析总结,特别是从生产端和消费端进行解释的两大阵营。本文对欧美绅士化的三波发展浪潮进行介绍,并将半个世纪以来的绅士化研究划分为4个发展阶段绅士化现象描述阶段、两大阵营的激烈论战阶段、两种理论的相互融合阶段与绅士化政策应对研究阶段。在对绅士化作为全球城市发展战略和绅士化的主要社会空间效应做出简单评价以后,展望了世界范围内绅士化问题的研究前景;绅士化研究虽然已经走过了很长的一段路,但依然存在着巨大的研究空间。

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[46]  Uitermark J, Duyvendak J W, Kleinhans R. Gentrificationas a governmental strategy: Social control and social cohesionin Hoogvliet, Rotterdam. Environment and PlanningA, 2007, 39(1): 125-141.
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[55]  Butler T, Robson G. Plotting the middle classes: Gentrificationand circuits of education. Housing Studies, 2003,18(1): 5-28.
[56]  Slater T, Winifred C, Lees L. Gentrification research:New directions and critical scholarship. Environment andPlanning A, 2004, 36(7): 1141-1150.
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[59]  Wyly E, Hammel D. Islands of decay in seas of renewal:Urban policy and the resurgence of gentrification. HousingPolicy Debate, 1999, 10(4): 711-771.
[60]  Smith N. New globlism, new urbanism: Gentrification asglobal urban strategy. Antipode, 2002, 34(3): 427-450.
[61]  Shaw K. Gentrification: What it is, why it is, and whatcan be done about it. Geography Compass, 2008, 2(5):1697-1728.
[62]  Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remakingof inner London, 1961-2001. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2401-2426.
[63]  May J. Globalization and the politics of place: Place andidentity in an inner city London neighbourhood. Transactionsof the Institute of British Geographers, 1996, 21(1):194-215.
[64]  Bondi L. Gender divisions and gentrification: A critique.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1991, 16(2): 190-198.
[65]  Warde A. Gentrification as consumption: Issues of classand gender. Society and Space, 1991, 9(2): 223-232.
[66]  Pitt J. Gentrification in Islington. Barnsbury People's Forum,1977, 28(1): 11-21.
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[73]  Badcock B. An Australian view of the rent gap hypothesis.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1989, 79(1): 125-145.
[74]  Ley D, Olds K. Landscape as spectacle: World’s fairsand the culture of heroic consumption. Environment andPlanning D, 1988, 6(2): 191-212.
[75]  Lees L. Review of N. Smith (1996) and T. Butler (1997).Environment and Planning A, 1998, 30(11): 2257-2260.
[76]  Goldberg D T. The new segregation. Race and Society,1998, 1(1): 15-32.
[77]  Levy P, Cybriwsky R. The hidden dimensions of cultureand class: Philadelphia//Laska S, Spain D. Back to theCity. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.
[78]  Bridge G. Time-space trajectories in provincial gentrification.Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2545-2556.
[79]  Hamnett C. The blind men and the elephant: The explanationof gentrification. Transactions of the Institute of BritishGeographers, 1991, 16(2): 173-189.
[80]  Carpenter J, Lees L. Gentrification in New York, Londonand Paris: An international comparison. InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research, 1995, 19(2):286-303.
[81]  Hackworth J, Smith N. The changing state of gentrification.Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,2001, 94(4): 464-477.
[82]  Smith N. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and theRevanchist City. London: Routledge, 1996.
[83]  Weesep J. Gentrification as a research frontier. Progressin Human Geography, 1994, 18(1): 74-83.
[84]  Beauregard R. Trajectories of neighbourhood change:The case of gentrification. Environment and Planning A,1990, 22(7): 855-874.
[85]  Caulfield J. City Form and Everyday Life, Toronto’sGentrification and Critical Social Practice. Toronto, Canada:University of Toronto Press, 1994.
[86]  Ley D. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of theCentral City. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[87]  Shaw K. Whose image? Global restructuring and communitypolitics in the inner-city. Unpublished Master’s Thesis,Melbourne, Australia: RMIT University, 2000.
[88]  Logan W. The Gentrification of Inner Melbourne: A PoliticalGeography of Inner City Housing. St. Lucia, Australia:University of Queensland Press, 1985.
[89]  He S J. State-sponsored Gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai. Urban Affairs Review,2007, 43(2): 171-198.
[90]  Sassen S. The Global City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 1991.
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[92]  Glass R. The mood of London//Donnison D, Eversely D.London: Urban Patterns, Problems and Policies. London:Heinemann, 1973.
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[94]  Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remakingof inner London, 1961 - 2001. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2401-2426.
[95]  Butler T. Gentrification and the Middle Classes. Ashford:Ashgate, 1997.
[96]  Smith N. The new urban frontier: Gentrification and therevanchist city. London: Routledge, 1996.
[97]  Smith D,‘Studentification’: the gentrification factory?//Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in global context:The new urban colonialism. London: Routledge, 2005.
[98]  Kennedy M, Leonard P. Dealing with neighborhoodchange: A primer on gentrification and policy choices.The Brookings Institute Center on Urban and MetropolitanPolicy, 2001.
[99]  Davidson M, Lees L. New-build‘gentrification’andLondon’s riverside renaissance. Environment and PlanningA, 2005, 37(7): 1165-1190.
[100]  Lees L. A re-appraisal of gentrification: Towards a geographyof gentrification. Progress in Human Geography,2000, 24(3): 389-408.
[101]  Badcock B. Thirty years on: Gentrification and classchangeover in Adelaide’s inner suburbs, 1966-96. UrbanStudies, 2001, 38(9): 1559-1572.
[102]  Phillips M. Rural gentrification and the processes of classcolonization. Journal of Rural Studies, 1993, 9(2):123-140.
[103]  Rose D. Rethinking gentrification: Beyond the uneven developmentof Marxist urban theory. Environment andPlanning D, 1984, 2(1): 47-74.
[104]  Beauregard R. The chaos and complexity of gentrification//Smith N, Williams P. Gentrification of the City. London:Allen and Unwin, 1986.
[105]  Mills C. Life on the upslope: The postmodern landscapeof gentrification. Environment and Planning D, 1988, 6(2): 169-189
[106]  Lees L. Rethinking gentrification: Beyond the positionsof economics or culture. Progress in Human Geography,1994, 18(2): 137-150.
[107]  Smith N. Toward a theory of gentrification: A back to thecity movement by capital, not people. Journal of theAmerican Planners Association, 1979, 45(4): 538-548.
[108]  Harvey D. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in theHistory and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Oxford,UK: Basil Blackwell, 1985.
[109]  Hall T. Urban Geography. London: Routledge, 1998.
[110]  Smith N. Gentrification and uneven development. EconomicGeography, 1982, 58(1): 39-55.
[111]  Smith N. Gentrification and the rent gap. Annals of Associationof American Geographers, 1987, 77(3): 462-478.
[112]  Ley D. Liberal ideology and post-industrial city. Annalsof the Association of American Geographers, 1980, 70(2): 238-258.
[113]  Ley D. Gentrification and the politics of the new middleclass. Environment and Planning D, 1994, 12(1): 53-74.
[114]  Ley D. Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification:A Canadian assessment. Annals of the Associationof American Geographers, 1986, 76(4): 521-535.
[115]  Ley D. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of theCentral City. UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[116]  Butler T, Hamnett C. Gentrification, class and gender. Environmentand Planning D, 1994, 12(4): 477-493.
[117]  Mcdowell L. The new service class: Housing, consumptionand lifestyle among London bankers in the 1990s.Environment and Planning A, 1997, 29(11): 2061-2078.
[118]  Rose D. A feminist perspective of employment restructuringand gentrification: The case of Montréal//Wolch J,Dear M. The Power of Geography: How Territory ShapesSocial Life. London and Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1989.
[119]  Wilson E. The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Controlof Disorder, and Women. London: Virago Press,1991.
[120]  Lees L. Gentrification and social mixing: Towards an inclusiveurban renaissance? Urban Studies, 2008, 45(12):2449-2470.
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[129]  Redfern P A. What Makes Gentrification‘Gentrification’.Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2351-2366.
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[131]  Bourne L S. The myth and reality of gentrification: Acommentary on emerging urban forms. Urban Studies,1993, 30(1): 183-189.
[132]  Lees L, Slater T, Wyly E K. Gentrification. New York andLondon: Routledge, 2008.
[133]  Criekingen M, Decroly J M. Revisiting the diversity ofgentrification: Neighbourhood renewal processes in Brusselsand Montreal. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12):2451-2468.
[134]  Lipton G. Evidence of central city revival. Journal of theAmerican Institute of Planners, 1977, 43(2): 136-147.
[135]  Wyly E K, Hammel D J. Mapping neo-liberal Americanurbanism//Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in AGlobal Context. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
[136]  Slater T. Comparing gentrification in south Parkdale, Torontoand lower Park Slope, New York City: A‘NorthAmerican’model of neighborhood reinvestment? Centerfor Neighborhood Research, paper11, April, 2003.
[137]  Porter L, Shaw K. Whose Urban Renaissance? An InternationalComparison of Urban Regeneration Strategies.London: Routledge, 2009.
[138]  Davison M. Gentrification as global habitat: A process ofclass formation or corporate creation? Transactions of theInstitute of British Geographers NS, 2007, 32(4):490-506.
[139]  Butler T. Re-urbanizing London Docklands: Gentrification,suburbanization or new urbanism? InternationalJournal of Urban and Regional Research, 2007, 31(4):759-781.
[140]  Bailey N, Robertson D. Housing renewal, urban policyand gentrification. Urban Studies, 1997, 34(4): 561-578.
[141]  Uitermark J, Duyvendak J W, Kleinhans R. Gentrificationas a governmental strategy: Social control and social cohesionin Hoogvliet, Rotterdam. Environment and PlanningA, 2007, 39(1): 125-141.
[142]  Newman K, Ashton P. Neoliberal urban policy and newpaths of neighborhood change in the American inner city.Environment and Planning A, 2004, 36(7): 1151-1172.
[143]  Wyly E K, Hammel D. Gentrification, segregation, anddiscrimination in the American urban system. Environmentand Planning A, 2004, 36(7): 1215-1241.
[144]  Spain D. A gentrification research agenda for the 1990s.Journal of Urban Affairs, 1992, 14(2): 125-134.
[145]  Walks A, August M. The factors inhibiting gentrification in areas with little non-market housing: Policy lessonsfrom the Toronto experience. Urban Studies, 2008, 45(12): 2594-2625.
[146]  Beauregard R. Trajectories of neighbourhood change:The case of gentrification. Environment and Planning A,1990, 22(7): 855-874.
[147]  Caulfield J. City Form and Everyday Life, Toronto’sGentrification and Critical Social Practice. Toronto, Canada:University of Toronto Press, 1994.
[148]  Ley D. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of theCentral City. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[149]  Shaw K. Whose image? Global restructuring and communitypolitics in the inner-city. Unpublished Master’s Thesis,Melbourne, Australia: RMIT University, 2000.
[150]  Logan W. The Gentrification of Inner Melbourne: A PoliticalGeography of Inner City Housing. St. Lucia, Australia:University of Queensland Press, 1985.
[151]  He S J. State-sponsored Gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai. Urban Affairs Review,2007, 43(2): 171-198.
[152]  Sassen S. The Global City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 1991.
[153]  Glass R. Introduction//Centre for Urban Studies. London:Aspects of Change. London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1964.
[154]  Glass R. The mood of London//Donnison D, Eversely D.London: Urban Patterns, Problems and Policies. London:Heinemann, 1973.
[155]  Smith N, Williams P. Gentrification of the city. Boston:Allen & Unwin, 1986.
[156]  Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remakingof inner London, 1961 – 2001. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2401-2426.
[157]  Butler T. Gentrification and the Middle Classes. Ashford:Ashgate, 1997.
[158]  Smith N. The new urban frontier: Gentrification and therevanchist city. London: Routledge, 1996.
[159]  Smith D,‘Studentification’: the gentrification factory?//Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in global context:The new urban colonialism. London: Routledge, 2005.
[160]  Kennedy M, Leonard P. Dealing with neighborhoodchange: A primer on gentrification and policy choices.The Brookings Institute Center on Urban and MetropolitanPolicy, 2001.
[161]  Smith N. Toward a theory of gentrification: A back to thecity movement by capital, not people. Journal of theAmerican Planners Association, 1979, 45(4): 538-548.
[162]  Harvey D. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in theHistory and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Oxford,UK: Basil Blackwell, 1985.
[163]  Hall T. Urban Geography. London: Routledge, 1998.
[164]  Smith N. Gentrification and uneven development. EconomicGeography, 1982, 58(1): 39-55.
[165]  Smith N. Gentrification and the rent gap. Annals of Associationof American Geographers, 1987, 77(3): 462-478.
[166]  Ley D. Liberal ideology and post-industrial city. Annalsof the Association of American Geographers, 1980, 70(2): 238-258.
[167]  Ley D. Gentrification and the politics of the new middleclass. Environment and Planning D, 1994, 12(1): 53-74.
[168]  Ley D. Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification:A Canadian assessment. Annals of the Associationof American Geographers, 1986, 76(4): 521-535.
[169]  Ley D. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of theCentral City. UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.
[170]  Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remakingof inner London, 1961-2001. Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2401-2426.
[171]  Bondi L. Gender, class, and gentrification: Enriching thedebate. Environment and Planning D, 1999, 17(3):261-282.
[172]  Slater T. Looking at the‘North American City’throughthe lens of gentrification discourse. Urban Geography,2002, 23(2): 131-153.
[173]  Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification in a Global Context:The New Urban Colonialism. London: Routledge,2005.
[174]  Clark E. The order and simplicity of gentrification: A politicalchallenge//Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrification ina Global Context: the New Urban Colonialism. London:Routledge, 2005.
[175]  Lees L, Ley D. Introduction to special issue on gentrificationand public policy. Urban Studies, 2008, 45(12):2379-2384.
[176]  Ley D. Artists, aestheticisation and the field of gentrification/‘/Upward Neighborhood Trajectories’conference,Glasgow, Scotland, 2002: 26-27.
[177]  Redfern P A. What Makes Gentrification‘Gentrification’.Urban Studies, 2003, 40(12): 2351-2366.
[178]  Shaw K. Local limits to gentrification: implications for anew urban policy//Atkinson R, Bridge G. Gentrificationin a Global Context: the New Urban Colonialism. London:Routledge, 2005.
[179]  Bourne L S. The myth and reality of gentrification: Acommentary on emerging urban forms. Urban Studies,1993, 30(1): 183-189.
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