Carey M P. People and glaciers in the Peruvian Andes: Ahistory of climate change and natural disasters, 1941-1980 [D]. Oakland: University of California, 2005.
[3]
Plafker G, Ericksen G E, Fernandez J. Geological aspectsof the May 31, 1970, Peru earthquake. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America, 1971, 1(3): 543-578.
[4]
Salm B. A short and personal history of snow avalanchedynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2004,39(2-3): 83-92.
[5]
F？hn P M B. The stability index and various triggeringmechanisms//Salm B, Gubler H. Avalanche Formation,Movement and Effects. Davos: IAHS-AISH Publication,1987: 195-211.
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Mueller M. Snow stability trends at Wolf Creek Pass, Colorado//Canadian Avalanche Association. Proceedings ofthe International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana,U.S.A., 1-6 October 2000, Bozeman: Mont. StateUniv., 2001: 147-152.
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Schweizer J, Lütschg M. Characteristics of human-triggeredavalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2001, 33(2-3): 147-162.
Blagovecsenskii V P. Avalanche and its control in the Almatinkiriver basin. Arid Land Geography, 1994, 17(2):44-53.
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王彦龙. 中国雪崩研究. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1992.
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Atwater M M. Snow avalanches. Scientific American,1954, 190(1): 26-31.
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McClung D M. Characteristics of terrain, snow supplyand forest cover for avalanche initiation by logging. Annalsof Glaciology, 2001, 32(1): 223-229.
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Barbolini M, Cappabianca F, Savi F. A new method for estimationof avalanche distance exceeded probability. Surveysin Geophysics, 2003, 24(5-6): 587-601.
[14]
Keylock C J. An alternative form for the statistical distributionof extreme avalanche run-out distances. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2005, 42(3): 185-193.
[15]
Jamieson J B, Johnston C D. Evaluation of the shearframe test for weak snowpack layers. Annals of Glaciology,2001, 32: 59-69.
[16]
F？hn P M B. The stability index and various triggeringmechanisms//Salm B, Gubler H. Avalanche Formation,Movement and Effects. Davos: IAHS-AISH Publication,1987: 195-211.
[17]
Mueller M. Snow stability trends at Wolf Creek Pass, Colorado//Canadian Avalanche Association. Proceedings ofthe International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana,U.S.A., 1-6 October 2000, Bozeman: Mont. StateUniv., 2001: 147-152.
[18]
Schweizer J, Lütschg M. Characteristics of human-triggeredavalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2001, 33(2-3): 147-162.
Blagovecsenskii V P. Avalanche and its control in the Almatinkiriver basin. Arid Land Geography, 1994, 17(2):44-53.
[21]
王彦龙. 中国雪崩研究. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1992.
[22]
Atwater M M. Snow avalanches. Scientific American,1954, 190(1): 26-31.
[23]
McClung D M. Characteristics of terrain, snow supplyand forest cover for avalanche initiation by logging. Annalsof Glaciology, 2001, 32(1): 223-229.
[24]
Barbolini M, Cappabianca F, Savi F. A new method for estimationof avalanche distance exceeded probability. Surveysin Geophysics, 2003, 24(5-6): 587-601.
[25]
Keylock C J. An alternative form for the statistical distributionof extreme avalanche run-out distances. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2005, 42(3): 185-193.
[26]
Zeidler A, Jamieson B. Refinements of empirical modelsto forecast the shear strength of persistent weak layers.Part A: layers of faceted crystals. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 2006, 44(3): 184-205.
[27]
Roch A. Les variations de la résistance de la neige//InternationalAssociation of Hydrological Sciences. Proceedingsof the International Symposium on Scientific Aspectsof Snow and Ice Avalanches, Davos: IAHS Publ.1966: 86-99.
[28]
Canadian Avalanche Association. Observation Guidelinesand Recording Standards for Weather, Snowpack and Avalanches.Revelstoke: Canadian Avalanche Association,2008.
[29]
Bartelt P, Lehning M. A physical SNOWPACK model forthe Swiss avalanche warning: Part I. Numerical model.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 35(3):123-145.
[30]
Nishimura K, Baba E, Hirashima H, et al. Application ofthe snow cover model SNOWPACK to snow avalanchewarning in Niseko, Japan. Cold Regions Science andTechnology, 2005, 43(1-2): 62-70.
[31]
Bartelt P, Christen M. A computational procedure for instationarytemperature dependent snow creep//Hutter K,Wang Y, Beer H. Advances in Cold Region Thermal Engineeringand Sciences: Technological, Environmental andClimatological Impact. Verlag: Springer, 2000: 367-386.
[32]
Durand Y, Giraud G, Brun E, et al. A computer-based systemsimulating snowpack structures as a tool for regionalavalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 1999, 45(151): 469-484.
[33]
Jordan R. A One-dimensional temperature model for asnow cover: Technical documentation for SNTHERM.89-Special report. Hanover: USA Cold Regions Researchand Engineering Laboratory, 1991: 91-16.
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SLF. RAMMS 1.3.0 (Rapid Mass Movements)-A modelingsystem for snow-avalanches in research and practice,USER MANUAL v1.01. Davos: WSL Institute for Snowand Avalanche Research SLF, 2010: 96.
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Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt P. Ramms: Numericalsimulation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensionalterrain. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2010,63(1-2): 1-14.
[36]
Margreth S, Faillettaz J, Funk M, et al. Safety concept forhazards caused by ice avalanches from the Whymperhanging glacier in the Mont Blanc Massif Stefan. ColdRegions Science and Technology, 2011, 69(23): 194-201.
[37]
Gauer P, Kronholm K, Lied K, et al. Can we learn morefrom the data underlying the statistical α-β model with respectto the dynamical behavior of avalanches? Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2010, 62(1): 42-54.
[38]
Schweizer J. Applied snow and avalanche research. ColdRegions Science and Technology, 2010, 64(2): 69-72.
[39]
Ancey C, Gervasoni C, Meunier M. Computing extremeavalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2004,39: 161-180.
[40]
Ovens I F, Fitzharris B R. Assessing avalanche-risk levelson walking tracks in fiordland, New Zeland. Annals ofGlaciology, 1989, 13: 231-236.
Silverton N A, McIntosh S E, Kim H S. Avalanche Safetypractices in Utah. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine,2007, 18(4): 264-270.
[56]
Meister R. Avalanches: Warning, rescue and prevention,Avalanche News, 2002, 62: 37-44.
[57]
Salzmann N K, K？？b A, Huggel C, et al. Assessment ofthe hazard potential of ice avalanches using remote sensingand GIS modeling. Norwegian Journal of Geography,2004, 58(2): 74-84.
[58]
Huggel C, Haeberli W, K？？b A, et al. An assessment procedurefor glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. CanadianGeotechnical Journal, 2004, 41(6): 1068-1083.
[59]
Lehning M, Bartelt P, Brown B, et al. Snowpack modelcalculations for avalanche warning based upon a new networkof weather and snow stations. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 1999, 30(1-3): 145-157.
[60]
Wang Y L, Huang M H. An outline of avalanches in China.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1986, 13(1):11-18.
[61]
Reynolds J M. The identification and mitigation of glacierrelated hazards: Examples from the Cordillera Blanca,Peru//McCall G J H, Laming D J C, Scott S C. Geohazards.London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 143-157.
[62]
Perla R I. Avalanche release, motion and impact//ColbeckS C. Dynamics of Snow and Ice Masses. New York: Aca-demic Press, 1980: 397-462.
[63]
Schweizer J, Jamieson J B, Schneebeli M. Snow avalancheformation. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, 41(4):1016.
[64]
Schweizer J, Jamieson J B. Snow cover properties for skiertriggering of avalanches. Cold Regions Science andTechnology, 2001, 33(2-3): 207-221.
[65]
Troshkina E, Clazovskaya T, Kondakova N N, et al. Zoningof snowiness and avalanching in the mountains ofwestern Transcaucasia. Annals of Glaciology, 2001, 32(1): 311-313.
Jamieson J B, Geldsetzer T. Avalanche Accidents in Canada1984-1996. Revelstoke: Canadian Avalanche Association,1996.
[68]
Perla R I. Slab avalanche measurements. Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, 1977, 14(2): 206-213.
[69]
Maggioni M, Gruber U. The influence of topographic parameterson avalanche release dimension and frequency.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2003, 37(3):407-419.
[70]
Schaefer M, R？sgen T, Kern M. High-speed video recordingof basal shear layers in snow chute flows. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2010, 64(2): 182-189.
[71]
Schneebeli M, Bebi P. Snow and avalanche control//EvansJ, Burley J, Youngquist J. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences.Oxford: Elsevier, 2004: 397-402.
[72]
Viglietti D, Letey S, Motta R, et al. Snow avalanche releasein forest ecosystems: A case study in the Aosta valleyregion (NW-Italy). Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010, 64(2): 167-173.
[73]
Armstrong R L, Armstrong B R. Snow and avalanche climatesof the Western United States: A comparison of maritime,intermountain and continental conditions. Davos:IAHS Publication, 1987: 281-294.
[74]
Mock C J, Birkeland K W. Snow avalanche climatologyof the western United States mountain ranges. Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society, 2000, 81(10):2367-2392.
[75]
H？geli P, McClung D M. Avalanche characteristics of atransitional snow climate: Columbia Mountains, BritishColumbia, Canada. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2003, 37(3): 255-276.
[76]
Vincent J, Cécile D, Delphine G, et al. Probabilistic analysisof recent snow avalanche activity and weather in theFrench Alps. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2007, 47(1-2): 180-192.
[77]
Garcia-Selles C, Pena J C, Marti G, et al. WeMOI andNAOI influence on major avalanche activity in the easternPyrenees. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010, 64(2): 137-145.
[78]
McClung D M, Schweizer J. Skier triggering, snow temperaturesand the stability index for dry slab avalancheinitiation. Journal Glaciology, 1999, 45(150): 190-200.
[79]
Bakermans L, Jamieson B. SWarm: A simple regressionmodel to estimate near-surface snowpack warming forback-country avalanche forecasting. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 2009, 59(2): 133-142.
[80]
F？hn P, Stoffel M, Bartelt P. Formation and forecastingof large (catastrophic) new snow avalanches//Stevens JR. Snow Avalanche Programs. Victoria: InternationalSnow Science Workshop Canada Inc., BC Ministry ofTransportation, 2002: 141-148.
[81]
Schaer M. Avalanche activity during major avalancheevents: A case study for hydroelectric reservoirs//SivardiéreF. Les apports de la recherche scientifique à lasécurite neige, glace et avalanche, Actes de Colloque,Chamonix, France, 30 mai-3 juin 1995, Grenoble: ANENA,1995: 133-138.
[82]
Conway H, Wilbour C. Evolution of snow slope stabilityduring storms. Cold Regions Science and Technology,1999, 30(1-3): 67-77.
[83]
Jamieson B, Zeidler A, Brown C. Explanation and limitationsof study plot stability indices for forecasting drysnow slab avalanches in surrounding terrain. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2007, 50(1-3): 23-34.
[84]
Jamieson J B, Johnston C D. Snowpack factors associatedwith strength changes of buried surface hoar layers.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1999, 30(1-3):19-34.
[85]
Jamieson J B, Johnston C D. Evaluation of the shearframe test for weak snowpack layers. Annals of Glaciology,2001, 32: 59-69.
[86]
Zeidler A, Jamieson B. Refinements of empirical modelsto forecast the shear strength of persistent weak layers.Part A: layers of faceted crystals. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 2006, 44(3): 184-205.
[87]
Roch A. Les variations de la résistance de la neige//InternationalAssociation of Hydrological Sciences. Proceedingsof the International Symposium on Scientific Aspectsof Snow and Ice Avalanches, Davos: IAHS Publ.1966: 86-99.
[88]
Canadian Avalanche Association. Observation Guidelinesand Recording Standards for Weather, Snowpack and Avalanches.Revelstoke: Canadian Avalanche Association,2008.
[89]
Bartelt P, Lehning M. A physical SNOWPACK model forthe Swiss avalanche warning: Part I. Numerical model.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 35(3):123-145.
[90]
Nishimura K, Baba E, Hirashima H, et al. Application ofthe snow cover model SNOWPACK to snow avalanchewarning in Niseko, Japan. Cold Regions Science andTechnology, 2005, 43(1-2): 62-70.
[91]
Bartelt P, Christen M. A computational procedure for instationarytemperature dependent snow creep//Hutter K,Wang Y, Beer H. Advances in Cold Region Thermal Engineeringand Sciences: Technological, Environmental andClimatological Impact. Verlag: Springer, 2000: 367-386.
[92]
Durand Y, Giraud G, Brun E, et al. A computer-based systemsimulating snowpack structures as a tool for regionalavalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 1999, 45(151): 469-484.
[93]
Jordan R. A One-dimensional temperature model for asnow cover: Technical documentation for SNTHERM.89-Special report. Hanover: USA Cold Regions Researchand Engineering Laboratory, 1991: 91-16.
[94]
SLF. RAMMS 1.3.0 (Rapid Mass Movements)-A modelingsystem for snow-avalanches in research and practice,USER MANUAL v1.01. Davos: WSL Institute for Snowand Avalanche Research SLF, 2010: 96.
[95]
Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt P. Ramms: Numericalsimulation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensionalterrain. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2010,63(1-2): 1-14.
[96]
Margreth S, Faillettaz J, Funk M, et al. Safety concept forhazards caused by ice avalanches from the Whymperhanging glacier in the Mont Blanc Massif Stefan. ColdRegions Science and Technology, 2011, 69(23): 194-201.
[97]
Gauer P, Kronholm K, Lied K, et al. Can we learn morefrom the data underlying the statistical α-β model with respectto the dynamical behavior of avalanches? Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2010, 62(1): 42-54.
[98]
Schweizer J. Applied snow and avalanche research. ColdRegions Science and Technology, 2010, 64(2): 69-72.
[99]
Ancey C, Gervasoni C, Meunier M. Computing extremeavalanches. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2004,39: 161-180.
[100]
Ovens I F, Fitzharris B R. Assessing avalanche-risk levelson walking tracks in fiordland, New Zeland. Annals ofGlaciology, 1989, 13: 231-236.
Carey M P. People and glaciers in the Peruvian Andes: Ahistory of climate change and natural disasters, 1941-1980 [D]. Oakland: University of California, 2005.
[115]
Plafker G, Ericksen G E, Fernandez J. Geological aspectsof the May 31, 1970, Peru earthquake. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America, 1971, 1(3): 543-578.
[116]
Salm B. A short and personal history of snow avalanchedynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2004,39(2-3): 83-92.
[117]
Silverton N A, McIntosh S E, Kim H S. Avalanche Safetypractices in Utah. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine,2007, 18(4): 264-270.
[118]
Meister R. Avalanches: Warning, rescue and prevention,Avalanche News, 2002, 62: 37-44.
[119]
Salzmann N K, K？？b A, Huggel C, et al. Assessment ofthe hazard potential of ice avalanches using remote sensingand GIS modeling. Norwegian Journal of Geography,2004, 58(2): 74-84.
[120]
Huggel C, Haeberli W, K？？b A, et al. An assessment procedurefor glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. CanadianGeotechnical Journal, 2004, 41(6): 1068-1083.
[121]
Lehning M, Bartelt P, Brown B, et al. Snowpack modelcalculations for avalanche warning based upon a new networkof weather and snow stations. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 1999, 30(1-3): 145-157.
[122]
Wang Y L, Huang M H. An outline of avalanches in China.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1986, 13(1):11-18.
[123]
Reynolds J M. The identification and mitigation of glacierrelated hazards: Examples from the Cordillera Blanca,Peru//McCall G J H, Laming D J C, Scott S C. Geohazards.London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 143-157.
[124]
Perla R I. Avalanche release, motion and impact//ColbeckS C. Dynamics of Snow and Ice Masses. New York: Aca-demic Press, 1980: 397-462.
[125]
Schweizer J, Jamieson J B, Schneebeli M. Snow avalancheformation. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, 41(4):1016.
[126]
Schweizer J, Jamieson J B. Snow cover properties for skiertriggering of avalanches. Cold Regions Science andTechnology, 2001, 33(2-3): 207-221.
[127]
Troshkina E, Clazovskaya T, Kondakova N N, et al. Zoningof snowiness and avalanching in the mountains ofwestern Transcaucasia. Annals of Glaciology, 2001, 32(1): 311-313.
Jamieson J B, Geldsetzer T. Avalanche Accidents in Canada1984-1996. Revelstoke: Canadian Avalanche Association,1996.
[130]
Perla R I. Slab avalanche measurements. Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, 1977, 14(2): 206-213.
[131]
Maggioni M, Gruber U. The influence of topographic parameterson avalanche release dimension and frequency.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2003, 37(3):407-419.
[132]
Schaefer M, R？sgen T, Kern M. High-speed video recordingof basal shear layers in snow chute flows. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2010, 64(2): 182-189.
[133]
Schneebeli M, Bebi P. Snow and avalanche control//EvansJ, Burley J, Youngquist J. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences.Oxford: Elsevier, 2004: 397-402.
[134]
Viglietti D, Letey S, Motta R, et al. Snow avalanche releasein forest ecosystems: A case study in the Aosta valleyregion (NW-Italy). Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010, 64(2): 167-173.
[135]
Armstrong R L, Armstrong B R. Snow and avalanche climatesof the Western United States: A comparison of maritime,intermountain and continental conditions. Davos:IAHS Publication, 1987: 281-294.
[136]
Mock C J, Birkeland K W. Snow avalanche climatologyof the western United States mountain ranges. Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society, 2000, 81(10):2367-2392.
[137]
H？geli P, McClung D M. Avalanche characteristics of atransitional snow climate: Columbia Mountains, BritishColumbia, Canada. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2003, 37(3): 255-276.
[138]
Vincent J, Cécile D, Delphine G, et al. Probabilistic analysisof recent snow avalanche activity and weather in theFrench Alps. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2007, 47(1-2): 180-192.
[139]
Garcia-Selles C, Pena J C, Marti G, et al. WeMOI andNAOI influence on major avalanche activity in the easternPyrenees. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010, 64(2): 137-145.
[140]
McClung D M, Schweizer J. Skier triggering, snow temperaturesand the stability index for dry slab avalancheinitiation. Journal Glaciology, 1999, 45(150): 190-200.
[141]
Bakermans L, Jamieson B. SWarm: A simple regressionmodel to estimate near-surface snowpack warming forback-country avalanche forecasting. Cold Regions Scienceand Technology, 2009, 59(2): 133-142.
[142]
F？hn P, Stoffel M, Bartelt P. Formation and forecastingof large (catastrophic) new snow avalanches//Stevens JR. Snow Avalanche Programs. Victoria: InternationalSnow Science Workshop Canada Inc., BC Ministry ofTransportation, 2002: 141-148.
[143]
Schaer M. Avalanche activity during major avalancheevents: A case study for hydroelectric reservoirs//SivardiéreF. Les apports de la recherche scientifique à lasécurite neige, glace et avalanche, Actes de Colloque,Chamonix, France, 30 mai-3 juin 1995, Grenoble: ANENA,1995: 133-138.
[144]
Conway H, Wilbour C. Evolution of snow slope stabilityduring storms. Cold Regions Science and Technology,1999, 30(1-3): 67-77.
[145]
Jamieson B, Zeidler A, Brown C. Explanation and limitationsof study plot stability indices for forecasting drysnow slab avalanches in surrounding terrain. Cold RegionsScience and Technology, 2007, 50(1-3): 23-34.
[146]
Jamieson J B, Johnston C D. Snowpack factors associatedwith strength changes of buried surface hoar layers.Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1999, 30(1-3):19-34.
