Compton J E, Watrud L S, Porteous L A, et al. Response of soil microbial biomass and community composition to chronic nitrogen additions at Harvard forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 196(1): 143-158.
[4]
Zhong W H, Cai Z C. Long-term effects of inorganic fertilizers on microbial biomass and community functional diversity in a paddy soil derived from quaternary red clay. Applied Soil Ecology, 2007, 36(2-3): 84-91.
[5]
Boxman AW, Blanck K, Brandrud T E, et al. Vegetation and soil biota response to experimentally-changed nitrogen inputs in coniferous forest ecosystems of the NITREX project. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 101(1-3): 65-79.
[6]
Fisk M C, Fahey T J. Microbial biomass and nitrogen cycling responses to fertilization and litter removal in young northern hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry, 2001, 53(2): 201-223.
[7]
Wang Q K, Wang S L, Liu Y X. Responses to N and P fertilization in a young Eucalyptus dunnii plantation: Microbial properties, enzyme activities and dissolved organic matter. Applied Soil Ecology, 2008, 40(3): 484-490.
[8]
Joergensen R G, Potthoff M. Microbial reaction in activity, biomass, and community structure after long-term continuous mixing of a grassland soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2005, 37(7): 1249-1258.
[9]
Johnson D, Leake J R, Read D J. Liming and nitrogen fertilization affects phosphatase activities, microbial biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in upland grassland. Plant and Soil, 2005, 271(1-2): 157-164.
Zhang W J, Parker K M, Luo Y Q, et al. Soil microbial responses to experimental warming and clipping in a tallgrass prairie. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(2): 266-277.
[12]
Potthoff M, Steenwerth K L, Jackson L E, et al. Soil microbial community composition as affected by restoration practices in California grassland. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2006, 38(7): 1851-1860.
Alvarez R, Santanatoglia O J , Garcia R. Effect of temperature on soil microbial biomass and its metabolic quotient in situ under different tillage systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1995, 19(2-3): 227-230.
[23]
Garcia F O, Rice C W. Microbial biomass dynamics in tallgrass prairie. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994, 58(3): 816-823.
Contin M, Corcimaru S, Nobili M De, et al. Temperature changes and the ATP concentration of the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2000, 32(8-9): 1219-1225.
[26]
Killham K. Soil Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994: 13-14.
Bardgett R D, Jones A C, Jones D L, et al. Soil microbial community patterns related to the history and intensity of grazing in sub-montane ecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2001, 33(12-13): 1653-1664.
[33]
Pietri J C A, Brookes P C. Relationships between soil pH and microbial properties in a UK arable soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry，2008, 40(7): 1856-1861.
[34]
Wardle D A. Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass: A global-scale synthesis. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1998, 30(13): 1627-1637.
[35]
Chen G C, He Z L, Wang Y J. Impact of pH on microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass phosphorus in red soil. Pedosphere, 2004, 14(1): 9-15.
[36]
Dakhah M, Gifford G F. Influence of vegetation, rock cover and trampling on infiltration rates and sediment production. Water Resource Bul1, 1980, l6(6): 979-986.
[37]
Krzic M, Broersma K, Thompson D J, et al. Soil properties and species diversity of grazed crested wheatgrass and native rangelands. Range Management, 2000, 53(3): 353-358.
Shrestha G, Stahl P D. Carbon accumulation and storage in semi-arid sagebrush steppe: Effects of long-term grazing exclusion. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2008, 125(1-4): 173-181.
[42]
Raiesi F, Asadi E. Soil microbial activity and litter turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem. Biology Fertility of Soils, 2006, 43(1): 76-82.
[43]
Northup B K, Brown J R, Holt J A. Grazing impacts on the spatial distribution of soil microbial biomass around tussock grasses in a tropical grassland. Applied Soil Ecology, 1999, 13(3): 259-270.
Wang K H, McSorleya R, Bohlenb P, et al. Cattle grazing increases microbial biomass and alters soil nematode communities in subtropical pastures. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2006, 38(7): 1956-1965.
[47]
Bardgett R D, Hobbs P J, Frosteg?rd ?sa. Changes in soil fungal: bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1996, 22(3): 261-264.
[48]
Kieft T L. Grazing and plant-canopy effects on semiarid soil microbial biomass and respiration. Biology Fertility of Soils, 1994, 18(2): 155-162.
Lal R, Kimele J, Follett R. Land use and soil C pool in terrestrial ecosystem//Stewart B A. Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil. Boca Ration: CRC Press, Fla, USA, 1998: 1-10.
Dvidson E A, Ackerman I L. Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils. Biogeochemistry, 1993, 20(3): 181-l98.
Jones M B, Donnelly A. Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystem and the influence of management, climate and elevated CO2. New Phytologist, 2004, 164(3): 423-439.
Zhang Q S, Zak J C. Effects of water and nitrogen amendment on soil microbial biomass and fine root production in a semi-arid environment in west Texas. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1998, 30(1): 39-45.
[58]
Lovell R D, Jarvis S C. Effect of cattle dung on soil microbial biomass C and N in a permanent treatments stored under controlled conditions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1996, 28(3): 291-299.
[59]
Johnson D, Leake J R, Lee J A, et al. Changes in soil microbial biomass and microbial activities in response to 7 years simulated pollutant nitrogen deposition on a heathland and two grasslands. Environmental Pollution, 1998, 103(2-3): 239-250.
[60]
IPCC. Climate Change 2001. The Scientific Basis// Houghton J T, Ding Y, Griggs D J, et al. The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001: 185-237.
[61]
Bruce K D, Jones T H, Bezemer T M, et al. The effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on soil bacterial communities. Global Change Biology, 2000, 6(4): 427-434.
[62]
Drissner D, Blum H, Tscherko D, et al. Nine years of enriched CO2 changes the function and structural diversity of soil microorganisms in a grassland. European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, 58(1): 260-269.
[63]
Kandeler E, Mosier A R, Morgan J A, et al. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities to the transient elevation of carbon dioxide in a semi-arid grassland. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2006, 38(8): 2448-2460.
[64]
Rice C W, Garcia F O, Hampton C O, et al. Soil microbial response in tallgrass prairie to elevated CO2. Plant and Soil, 1994, 165(1): 67-74.
[65]
Williams M A, Rice C W, Owensby C E. Carbon dynamics and microbial activity in tallgrass prairie exposed to elevated CO2 for 8 years. Plant and Soil, 2000, 227(1-2): 127-137.
[66]
K?rner C, Diemer M, Sch?ppi B, et al. The responses of alpine grassland to four seasons of CO2 enrichment: A synthesis. Acta Oecologica, 1997, 18(3): 165-175.
Belay-Tedla A, Zhou X H, So B, et al. Labile, recalcitrant， and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools of a tallgrass prairie soil in the US Great Plains subjected to experimental warming and clipping. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2009, 41(1): 110-116.
[69]
Liu W X, Zhang Z, Wan S Q. Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(1): 184-195.
Oijen M V, Schapendonk A H C M, Jansen M J H, et al. Do open-top chambers overestimate the effects of rising CO2 on plants? An analysis using spring wheat． Global Change Biology, 1999, 5(4): 411-421.
[72]
Rosacker L L, Kieft T L. Biomass and adenylate energy charge of a grassland soil during drying. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1990, 22(8): 1121-1127.
[73]
Xiang S R, Doyle A, Holden P A, et al. Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2008, 40(9): 2281-2289.
[74]
Scheu S, Parkinson D. Changes in bacterial and fungal bio-volume and ergosterol content after drying, remoistening and incubation of different layers of cool temperate forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1994, 26(11): 1515 -1525.
[75]
Wu J, Brookes P C. The proportional mineralization of microbial biomass and organic matter caused by air-drying and rewetting of a grassland soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2005, 37(3): 507-515.
[76]
Wardle D A. A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1992, 67(3): 321-358.
[77]
Moussa A S, Rensburg L A, Kellner K, et al. Soil microbial biomass in semi-arid communal sandy rangelands in the Western Bophrima district, South Africa. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2007, 5(1): 43-56.
[78]
Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K. A quantitative assessment of the effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs. 1993, 63(4): 327-366.
Hatch D J, Lovell R D, Antil R S, et al. Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity in permanent pastures amended with nitrogen fertilizer or dung. Biology Fertility of Soils, 2000, 30(4): 288-293.
[81]
Lovell R D, Hatch D J. Stimulation of microbial activity following spring application of nitrogen. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1998, 26(1): 28-30.
[82]
Dijkstra F A, Hobbie S E, Reich P B, et al. Divergent effects of elevated CO2, N fertilization, and plant diversity on soil C and N dynamics in a grassland field experiment. Plant and Soil, 2005, 272(1-2): 41-52.
[83]
Liu W X, Xu W H, Han Y, et al. Responses of microbial biomass and respiration of soil to topography, burning, and nitrogen fertilization in a temperate steppe. Biology Fertility of Soils, 2007, 44(2): 259-268.
[84]
Lovell R D, Jarvis S C, Bardgett R D. Soil microbial biomass and activity in long-term grassland: Effects of management changes. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1995, 27 (7): 969-975.
[85]
Wallenstein M D, McNulty S, Fernandez I J, et al. Nitrogen fertilization decreases forest soil fungal and bacterial biomass in three long-term experiments. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006, 222(1-3): 459-468.
[86]
Tietema A. Microbial carbon and nitrogen dynamics in coniferous forest floor material collected along a European nitrogen deposition gradient. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 101(1-3): 29-36.
[87]
Hopkins D W, Shiel R S. Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers. Biological Fertility of Soils, 1996, 22(1-2): 66-70.
[88]
DeForest J L, Zak D R, Pregitzer K S, et al. Atmospheric nitrate deposition, microbial community composition, and enzyme activity in northern hardwood forests. Soil Science Society of America, 2004, 68(1): 132-138.
[89]
Zhang N L, Wan S Q, Li L H, et al. Impacts of urea N addition on soil microbial community in a semi-arid temperate steppe in northern China. Plant Soil, 2008, 311(1-2): 19-28.
