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网状河流多重河道形成过程的实验模拟

DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2004.03.005, PP. 34-42

Keywords: 多重河道,泛滥平原,加积,模拟实验,侵蚀,网状河流,演变

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Abstract:

网状河流是受到人们关注的新型冲积河流,其水文特征、地貌特征和沉积特征已经不同程度地被揭示。然而,网状河流的水槽实验迄今仍是空白,而水槽模拟实验是在时间和空间都大大缩小之后的自然界河流演变过程的再现。本文报道的是在实验水槽中通过原河道决口后网状河流的发生和演变过程。实验初始条件为水槽辅助区的待决口河道,目标区为轴部略微下凹的长方形泛滥平原(4.5m×16.5m),其上下层分别为1.5cm厚、中值粒径为0.0132mm的高岭土层和0.5m厚、中值粒径为0.188mm的天然细砂层,从5.5m~17m区段的平均纵比降为0.0058,17m~22m区段的平均纵比降为0.0077。采用的定常流量为3L/s,悬移质输沙量在前3小时为4.5g/min,其后为1.2g/s。实验总历时50小时。实验初期,目标区的上游段以垂向加积作用为主,中游以随机侵蚀为主,下游以溯源侵蚀为主,在13.5小时左右,相互连通的多重河道的网状河流体系的雏形基本展现。此后至25.5小时,网状河道的演变以下蚀为主演变为以适度的侧蚀,但河岸的后退幅度很小,标志网状河道逐步过渡到成熟期。从25.5小时至50小时,个别河道的局部废弃和决口是该成熟期网状河道演变的新特点。实验成功地模拟了天然网状河流的形成、发展和演变过程,同时也证明了它是不同于分汊河流的河型。这不但是网状河流形成和演变过程的水槽模拟的有益尝试,而且有助于人们进一步认识网状河流的河性。

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