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-  2014 

紧急避难场所震灾服务效率的评价方法及实证——以北京市海淀区为例

DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201411010

Keywords: 紧急避难场所,充实度,可达性,服务效率

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Abstract:

摘要: 紧急避难场所的服务效率评价是确保避难疏散安全性的首要科学问题。建立了紧急避难场所的识别模型,利用该模型将城市中的绿地、广场、楼间空地等所有的开敞空地识别出来,并利用地质、地理等条件对紧急避难场所自身的安全性进行了筛选,识别出城市内部的紧急避难场所,解决了紧急避难场所空间数据获取的难题。提出利用时间成本和容纳能力两个指标来综合测评紧急避难场所的服务水平。以北京市海淀区为例,评价了紧急避难场所的服务效率。评价结果显示:① 海淀区紧急避难场所空间分布的集疏特征与人口空间分布的集疏特征在部分地区不相吻合。② 海淀区震灾避难场所在规划时限(5 min)与实际震灾逃生时限(12 s)服务水平存在较大差异。③ 结合人口昼夜空间分布特征,充实度评价表明夜间紧急避难场所人均不足的现象比较明显,比较突出的是位于海淀区中部三环附近的小南庄居住区。未来,可通过提高该地区与周边无人街区或避难面积充足街区的连通性,例如通过避难标识规划的方式,来提高紧急避难场所整体的服务效率。

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