Glaser B, Lehman L, Zech W. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in tropics with charcoal-a review[J]. Boilogy and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 70 (2): 219-230
Liang B, Lehmann J, Sohi S P, Thies J E, O'Neill B, Trujillo L, Gaunt J, Solomon D, Grossman J, Neves E, Luizāo F J. Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry, 2010, 41(2): 206-213
[11]
Rennerr R. Rethinking biochar[J]. Environment Science and Technology, 2007, 41: 5932-5933
[12]
Liu Y X, Yang M, Wu Y M, Wang H L, Chen Y X, Wu W X. Reducing CH4 and CO2 emissions from waterlogged paddy soil with biochar[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2011, 11: 930-939
[13]
Kim, Y S, Makoto K, Takakai F, Shibata H, Satomura T, Takakai K, Hatano R, Koike T. Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan, focusing on the role of charcoal[J]. European Journal of Forest Research, 2011, 130: 1031-1044
[14]
Spokas K A, Reicosky D C. Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production[J]. Annals of Environmental Science, 2009, 3: 179-193
[15]
Zwieten V L, Kimber S, Morris S, Downie A, Berger E, Rust J. Influence of biochars on flux of N2O and CO2 from Ferrosol[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2010, 48: 555-568
[16]
Zhang A F, Cui L Q, Pan G X, Li L Q, Hussain Q, Zhang X H, Zheng J W, Crowley D. Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emssions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 2010, 139: 469-475
[17]
Cayuela M L, Oenema O, Kuikman P J, Bakker P R, van Groenigen J W. Bioenergy by-products as soil amendments? Implications for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions[J]. GCB Bioenergy, 2010, 2: 201-213
[18]
Bruun E W, Stver D M, Ambus P, Nielsen H H. Application of biocahr to soil and N2O emissions: potential efects of blending fast-pyrolysis biochar with anaerobically digested slurry[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 62: 581-589
[19]
Toosi A T, Clough T J, Condron L M, Sherlock R R, Anderson C R, Craigie R A. Biochar incorporation into pasture soil suppresses in situ nitrous oxide emissions from ruminant urine patches[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2011, 40: 468-476
[20]
Castaldi S, Riondino M, Baronti S, Espostio F R, Marzaioli R, Vaccari F P. Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 85: 1464-1471
[21]
Zhang A F, Bian R J, Pan G X, Li L Q, Cui L Q, Hussain Q, Li L Q, Zheng J W, Zheng J F, Zhang X H, Han X J, Yu X Y. Effects of biochar amendent on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: a field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles[J]. Field Crop Research, 2012, 127: 153-160
[22]
Rondon M, Ramirez A, Hurtado M. Charcoal additions to high fertility ditches enhance yields and quality of cash crops in Andean hillsides of Colombia[R]. Colombia: CIAT Annual Report, 2004
[23]
Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Sinclair K, Chan K Y. Dowine. Biochar: potential for climate change mitigation, improved yield and soil health[EB/OL].[2012-10-20] http://grasslandnsw.com.au/news/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Van-Zweiten-Kimber-Sinclair-Chan-Downie-2008.pdf
[24]
Kimetu J M, Lehmann J, Ngoze S O, Mugendi D N, Kinyangi J M, Riha S, Verchot L, Recha J W, Pell A N. Reversibility of soil productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient[J]. Ecosystems, 2008, 11: 726-739
[25]
Steiner C, Teixeira W G, Lehmann J, Nehls T, Vasconcelos de Macêdo J, Blum W, Zech W. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil[J]. Plant and Soil, 2007, 291(1-2): 275-290
[26]
Chan K Y, Zwieten V L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2008, 46(5): 437-444
Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O'Nell B, Skjemstad J O, Thies J, Luizāo F J, Petersen J, Neves E G. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006, 70: 1719-1730
[29]
The little green data book[M]. USA Washington, DC: The Word Bank Press, 2010: 58
[30]
Antal M J, Gronlim M. The art, science and technology of charcoal production[J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2003, 42: 1619-1640
[31]
Swift R S. Sequestration of carbon by soils[J]. Soil Science, 2001, 166(11): 858-871
Lehmann J. A handful of carbon[J]. Nature, 2007, 443: 143-144
[41]
Harder B. Smoldered-Earth Policy: Created by ancient Amazonia natives, fertile, dark soils retain abundant carbon[J]. Science News, 2006, 169: 133
[42]
Marris E. Black is the new green[J]. Nature, 2006, 442: 624-626
[43]
Lehmann J. Bio-energy in the black[J]. Frontier in Ecology and the Environment, 2007, 5: 381-387
[44]
Shindo H. Elementary composition, humus composition, and decomposition in soil of charred grassland plants[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1991, 37(4): 651-657
[45]
Kuzyakov Y, Subbotina I, Chen H Q, Bogomolova I, Xu X L. Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009, 41: 210-219
[46]
Kim Y S, Makoto K, Takakai F, Shibata H, Satomura T, Takagi K, Hatano R, Koike T. Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan, focusing on the role of charcoal[J]. European Journal of Forest Research, 2011, 130: 1031-1044
[47]
IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[M]. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007: 63-67
[48]
Rondon M, Molina D, Hurtado M, Ramirez J, Lehmann J, Major J, Amezquita E. Enhancing the productivity of crops and grasses while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through bio-char amendments to unfertile tropical soils[C]//Proceedings of the 18th World Congress of Soil Science. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2006: 138-168
[49]
Scheer C, Grace P R, Rowlings D W, Kimber S, Van Zwieten L. Effect of biochar amendment on the soil-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases from an intensive subtropical pasture in northern New South Wales, Australia[J]. Plant Soil, 2011, 345: 47-58
[50]
Karhu K, Mattila T, Bergstrm I, Regina K. Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity-results from a short-term pilot field study[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2011, 140: 309-313
[51]
Feng Y Z, Xu Y P, Yu Y C, Xie Z B, Lin X G. Mechanisms of biochar decreasing methane emission from Chinese paddy soils[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2012, 46: 80-88
[52]
Clough T J, Bertram J E, Ray J L, Condron L M, O'Callaghan M, Sherlock R R, Wells N S. Unweathered wood biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2010, 74: 852-860
[53]
Yanai Y, Toyota K, Okazaki M. Effect of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2007, 53: 181-188
[54]
Spokas K A, Ksokinen W C, Baker J M, Reicosky D C. Impacts of woodchip biochar additions on greenhouse gas production and sorption/degradation of two herbicides in a Minnesota soil[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77: 574-581
[55]
Cayuela M L, Kuikman P J, Oenema O, Groenigen J W. Bioenergy residues as soil amendments: climate-relevant C and N dynamics during decomposition[C]. Australia, Brisbane:19th world congress of soil science, soil solutions for a changing world, 2010: 5-8
[56]
Singh B P, Hatton B J, Singh B, Cowie A L, Kathuria A. Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39: 1224-1235
[57]
Wang J Y, Zhang M, Xiong Z Q, Liu P L, Pan G X. Effects of biochar addition on N2O and CO2 emissions from two paddy soils[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2011, 47: 887-896
[58]
Rogovska N, Laird D, Cruse R, Fleming P, Parkin T, Meek D. Impact of biochar on manure carbon stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2011, 75: 871-879
Yamato M, Okimori Y, Wibowo I F, Anshiori S, Ogawa M. Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2006, 52: 489-495
[63]
Rondon M A, Lehmann J, Ramirez J, Hurtado M. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2007, 43(6): 699-708
[64]
Nehls T. Fertility improvement of a terra firme oxisol in central amazonia by charcoal applications[D]. Germany: university of Bayreuth, 2002
[65]
Baronti S, Alberti G, Genesio L, Gennaro F D, Liu J, Miglietta F, Peressotti A, Vaccari F P. Effects on soil fertility and on crops production[EB/OL].[2012-10-22]. http://www.biochar-international.org/images/Baronti_poster_newcastle_C2.pdf
[66]
Batjes N H. Carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 1996, 47(2): 151-163
