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钾盐矿床成矿条件研究若干进展

DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.09.0976, PP. 976-987

Keywords: 钾盐矿床,成矿条件,成矿时代,物质来源,构造条件

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Abstract:

钾盐是中国紧缺的重要战略资源之一,寻找大型钾盐矿床是中国矿床学界的一大难题。近几十年来世界钾盐矿床有不少新的发现,提供了丰富的实际资料,钾盐矿床的成矿理论也有相应的修正和补充。通过总结国内外钾盐矿床最新的成钾特征,归纳了钾盐矿床形成主要受控于成矿时代、构造条件、成盐的古地理条件、古气候、盆地位置和盐类物质来源几个条件。钾盐主要成矿时代为二叠纪、白垩纪、晚侏罗世、寒武纪和泥盆纪。巨厚的蒸发岩建造的形成,有赖于构造与环境气候的特殊配合。气候旋回与地壳运动的旋回性有关,即每一个大的地壳构造旋回末期,往往都出现一个成盐高峰期,钾盐矿床均出现于成盐的高峰期内。钾盐矿床同其他盐类矿床一样,也需要干旱的气候条件。由于钾盐是卤水演化的最后阶段的产物,故需要持续干旱的气候条件。但气候条件也是很复杂的,在普遍认为潮湿气候时期出现了局部的干旱气候带,干旱气候带的形成明显受地形地貌的控制,在局部干旱的气候条件下也可以形成钾盐矿。按照传统概念钾盐形成的位置应该在岩盐盆地之中,但是实际情况是比较复杂的,有的钾盐盆地完全和盐岩盆地相重合,有的在岩盐盆地一侧,甚至还有的在岩盐盆地范围之外。盐类物质来源有海源、陆源和深源。对影响钾盐矿床形成的上述几个重要条件的研究进展进行了概述,对在中国进一步找寻钾盐矿床具有重要的借鉴意义。最后,总结了3种国外大型钾盐矿床成矿模型,即陆表海盆成钾作用模式、异常蒸发成钾模式和裂谷成钾模式。3种成钾模式的关键区别在于钾盐的物质来源不同,即陆表海盆成钾作用模式中钾的来源是海水,异常蒸发成钾模式中钾的来源为非海相卤水,而裂谷成钾模式中钾的来源主要是火山活动带来的深部物质。

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