Klopatek J M,Conant R T,Francis J M.Implications of patternsof carbon pools and fluxes across a semiarid environmental gradient[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,39(4):309-317.
[5]
Hiemstra C A,Liston G E,Reiners W A.Observing, modelling,and validating snow redistribution by wind in a Wyoming uppertreeline landscape[J].Ecological,2006,197(1-2):35-51.
Yu D P,Guu H Y,Wang J D.Relationships of climate change andtree ring of Betula ermanii tree line forest in Changbai Mountain[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2005,16(3):187-192.
Korner C H. Alpine Plant Life:Functional Plant Ecology ofHigh Mountain Ecosystems[M].Springer-Verlag,Germany,2003:344.
[19]
Korner C H, Paulsen J.A world 2 wide study of high altitudetreeline temperatures[J].Journal of Biogeography,2004,31:713-732.
[20]
Camarero J J,Gutiérrez E,Fortin M J.Spatial pattern of subalpineforest-alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish CentralPyrenees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,134(1-3):1-16.
[21]
Hansen L D,Church J N,Matheson S,et al.Kinetics of plantgrowth and metabolism[J].Thermochimica Acta,2002,388(1-2):415-425.
[22]
Trivedi M R,Morecroft M D,Berry P M,et al.Terence P. DawsonPotentialeffects of climate change on plant communities inthree montane nature reserves in Scotland,UK[J].BiologicalConservation,2008,141:1665-1675.
[23]
Walsh S J,Butler D R,Malanson G P.Mapping,modeling,and visualizationof the influences of geomorphic processes on the alpinetreeline ecotone,Glacier National Park,MT,USA[J].Geomorphology,2003,53(1-2):129-145.
Wang X P,Fang J Y,Tang Z Y,et al.Climatic control of primaryforest structure and DBH–height allometry in Northeast China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006.234:264-274.
Yu D P,Wang G G,Dai L M,et al.Dendroclimatic analysis of Bet?ula ermanii forests at their upper limit of distribution in ChangbaiMountain, Northeast China[J].Forest Ecol Manag,2007,240(1-3):105-110.
