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地理学报  2012 

国家级自然保护区土地覆盖类型转换趋势

DOI: 10.11821/xb201212004, PP. 1623-1633

Keywords: 国家级自然保护区,土地覆盖转换方向判别指数,变化趋势,中国

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Abstract:

国家为了防止生态系统恶化、保护自然栖息地及其生物多样性,到2010年底已建立2588个自然保护区,总面积达149.44×106hm2,超过中国陆地总面积的15%。土地覆盖变化作为导致生物多样性变化的首要因素,直接影响生态系统的结构和功能。本文选取180个国家级自然保护,总面积44.71×106hm2,占自然保护区总面积的29.9%,全国陆地面积的4.7%,根据各保护区的生态系统特征和主要保护对象,将其划分为森林生态系统、草地生态系统、湿地生态系统、珍稀动物、珍稀植物、地质和古生物遗址、以及荒漠生态系统7类自然保护区类型,并在此基础上按东北、华北、华东、中南、西北及西南6个大区对其进行空间分析。论文构建土地覆盖类型转换方向判别指数模型,运用生态多样性模型和斑块连通性模型,对各大区内各类国家级自然保护区及其核心区、缓冲区和实验区的土地覆盖转换趋势进行计算。结果显示,在20世纪80年代后期-2005年时段内,180个国家级自然保护区的土地覆盖转换强度整体呈减缓趋势,西南地区的平均转换强度最大,而华东地区的平均转换强度最小。在各类国家级自然保护区中,除了森林生态系统保护区外,其他各类型保护区的土地覆盖都存在逆向转换,但逆向转换速率总体呈减缓趋势。国家级自然保护区的核心区土地覆盖逆向转换的速度平均为0.16%/10a减少,其土地覆盖景观格局相对于缓冲区的和实验区更为稳定。生态多样性指数和斑块连通性指数模型计算显示,国家级自然保护区土地覆盖景观格局的生态多样性和斑块连通性在1995-2005年总体呈上升趋势。另外,各大区国家级自然保护区与非保护区的土地覆盖转换强度对比显示,保护区土地覆盖转换强度整体上小于非保护区的土地覆盖转换强度。总之,分析结果表明,国家级自然保护区的土地覆盖转换处于良性变化趋势,尤其是在1995-2005年期间,保护区内的土地覆盖类型及分布逐渐趋于正向转换和稳定态势。

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