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OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
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汉长安城遗址乡村社区意义空间构成
DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201510006, PP. 1606-1621
Keywords: 地方特征,意义空间,质性分析,参与式制图,汉长安城遗址,乡村社区
Abstract:
在中国快速城镇化的背景下,对乡村意义空间的认识能够帮助理解社区居民与居住环境之间复杂的心理联系,为缓解搬迁改造过程中非经济因素引起的社会矛盾提供思路。本研究利用半结构访谈、参与式制图方法,对汉长安城遗址申遗搬迁的9个村落社区的251位居民进行调查。通过对访谈结果的质性分析,获得地方特征类目12种,地方意义类目7大类,34小类。在此基础上,对地方特征和意义间的关联进行了交叉分析,并采用GIS可视化和空间分析工具,揭示了居民感知的空间格局。结果显示村子、文化遗址、房屋和人构成了地方特征的主体,而地方适应、个人情感、历史文化联系和个人价值与成就成为地方的主要意义。地方特征作为意义的承载体,对意义的承载既有集合性特点,也表现出了明显的选择性。众多地方特征承载的意义共同形成意义体系,定义了当地的地方性,使此地区别于其他地方。另外,村民的地方感知具有空间结构,村落和遗址周围为感知热点区域,这些区域承载居民内心的重要的地方意义。情感联系、地方适应和个人认同可用于解释意义空间的对于居民的重要性。本研究延伸的措施建议是,以某种形式将典型的地方特征保留下来,有助于搬迁的社区居民故土情结的保留。
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| [3] | DredgeD.Placechangeandtourismdevelopmentconflict:Evaluatingpublicinterest.TourismManagement,2010,31(1):104-112.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517709000107AbstractAsasetofeconomicactivities,tourismtradesonthecharacterofspecialplaces.Conflictcanemergewherelocalresidentsperceivethattourismdevelopmentproposalschallengethespecialqualitiesofplace,andwhereplacemeaningandattachmentsarecompromised.Akeyfunctionofgovernmentinmediatingconflictistoprotectpublicinterests,yetexplicitconsiderationofpublicinterestintourismdevelopmentconflictisunusual.Thispaperarguesforareinvigorationofpublicinterestinthemediationoftourismdevelopmentconflicts.Itexplorestheconceptofpublicinterestandhowgovernmentsinterpretandgivemeaningtoitindevelopmentdebates.InacasestudyofacruiseshipterminalproposalontheGoldCoast,Australia,thestateadoptedaneoliberalinterpretationofpublicinterestwhereinincreasedglobalcompetitivenessofthedestinationwastheoverridingcommongoodpursued.Localanddiverseinterestsweremarginalisedinthedebate.Thepaperconcludesthatinordertoreinvigoratepublicinterest,apublicinterestevaluationframeworkfortourismdevelopmentisneeded.DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.004
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| [4] | ChenXiangjian.ThepracticeofinvoluntaryresettlementpolicyinChina:Ahistoricalretrospection,workexaminationanpolicyimprovement.SoftScience,2001,15(3):42-46.[陈祥健.我国非自愿移民政策实践:历史回顾、工作检讨与政策改进.软科学,2001,15(3):42-46.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_rkx200103012.aspx建国以来尤其是改革开放以来,随着我国基础设施建设的大规模展开,非自愿移民的数量与规模与日俱增,但移民安置工作与绩效却很不平衡。20世纪90年代前后,我国开始尝试利用世界银行贷款进行基础设施建设,因此,在实践世行移民政策方面积累了一些经验。本文拟在简要回顾我国移民安置工作的基础上,对我国移民安置工作方面取得的成效和存在的问题进行检讨和反思,并以此为基点,借鉴世行移民工作之经验,对进一步作好我国的移民安置工作提出了改进意见。DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8409.2001.03.012
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| [5] | ShiZhilei,YangYunyan,TianYanping.Theeconomicdevelopmentofinvoluntarymigrants:Ananalysisbasedonhumancapitalchanges.ChinaSoftScience,2011(3):115-127.[石智雷,杨云彦,田艳平.非自愿移民经济再发展:基于人力资本的分析.中国软科学,2011(3):115-127.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zgrkx201103013.aspx以往对于非自愿移民的研究多是关注制度安排和安置环境对移民经济发展的影响,本文则是重点探讨移民自身的人力资本在其经济再发展过程中的作用。改革开放后中国劳动力市场发生着重大的社会变迁,对于非自愿移民来说,这种变迁集中体现为移民的发展不仅受限于经济制度和政府政策,其自身所具有的人力资本将发挥着越来越重要的作用。基于丹江口库区和巴东三峡库区的抽样调查,本文重点对影响移民经济恢复的人力资本因素作了实证分析。研究发现,人力资本因素对移民的经济恢复有着重要的影响,但是和非移民相比,一些人力资本因素对移民的经济恢复失去了效用,并且不同搬迁时间的移民的人力资本失灵状况也有着明显的差异,在搬迁初期移民的人力资本失灵更为严重。在劳动力市场较为完善的条件下,人力资本才能对移民经济发展发挥更好的效应。DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2011.03.013
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| [6] | TuanY.Topophilia:AStudyofEnvironmentalPerception,AttitudesandValues.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1974:260.http://xueshu.baidu.com/link?url=xLu5Mi7EOL6DHEihxIgHH3uTf1N4MDEseORrvFmn04TIU6djCxB38ceQ5K8F9MKA-i8k0yeSpFmQOV_y6kI5IwbDjr5tvq4XiUCGuyD1Of7d2RUTnYZPrgtWnfoDhjkuPtPkgYaCeeKECEC9KqL7HtnSU6zlaEftjxkvbpPNvGlBB7ybYaHZaZFLGzhh1weoI6o06VmYlvvB2hbBZloKYUlHE8WrzxHuiBumSCPvg9gtXMqITyEBVXfTlMGdZ1L3Is_n0Trpt51LvGc7DRpqDWOXZALz6bt6DO3ZdQnj7Uu&wd=Topophilia%3A%20A%20Study%20of%20Environmental%20Perception%2C%20Attitudes%20and%20Values.%20Englewood%20Cliffs%2C%20NJ%3A
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| [9] | ChengAS,KrugerLE,DanielsSE."Place"asanintegratingconceptinnaturalresourcepolitics:Propositionsforasocialscienceresearchagenda.SocietyandNaturalResources,2003,16(2):87-104.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920309199Thisarticlelaysoutsixpropositionscenteringonarelationshipbetweenpeople-placeconnectionsandstrategicbehaviorinnaturalresourcepolitics.Thefirsttwopropositionssuggestastronganddirectconnectionbetweenself-identity,place,andhowindividualsperceiveandvaluetheenvironment.Thethird,fourth,andfifthpropositionstietogethersocialgroupidentityandplace,particularlyemphasizingtheinfluenceofsocialgroupidentityonstrategicbehaviorinnaturalresourcepolitics.Thesixthpropositionrelatestothegeographicscaleofplaceasastrategicchoiceinnaturalresourcedecisionmaking.Takentogether,thepropositionssuggestthatnaturalresourcepoliticsisasmuchacontestoverplacemeaningsasitisacompetitionamonginterestgroupsoverscarceresources.Theplaceperspectivesuggestsanexpandedrolefornaturalresourcesocialscientistsasgivingvoicetomeaningsandvaluesthatmaynototherwisebeexpressedinnaturalresourcedecision-makingprocesses.DOI:10.1080/08941920309199
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| [10] | HullRB,LamM,VigoG.Placeidentity:Symbolsofselfintheurbanfabric.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,1994,28(2):109-120.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-4666B93-1P&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F1994&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235885%231994%23999719997%23323356%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5885&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_cABSTRACTTheurbanfabriccontainssymbols(icons)thattellussomethingaboutourselvesandsomethingaboutthosetowhomthesymbolsbelong.Thisaspectoftheurbanfabrichasbeencalledthegluethatbondspeopletoplace.Thecontentionofthispaperisthattheseiconsdeservespecialattentioninurbandesigndecisionsbecausetheycontributetoplaceidentityandultimatelytoselfidentify,health,senseofcommunityandsenseofplace.Toexplorethenatureoftheseplace-basedmeanings,datawerecollectedfromresidentsofCharleston,SCfollowinghurricaneHugoin1989.Residentswereaskedtodescribewhattheyhadlosttothestorm,notjustthephysicalfeaturesblownawaybywindsordamagedbyrains,butthememoriesandmeaningsembodiedbythesefeatures.Residentsidentifiedseveraltypesoffeaturesasiconsofspecialsignificance:urbanforest(30%),churches(27%),homes(19%),publicbuildings(6%),placesassociatedwithhistoricevents(6%)andretailstructures(5%).Residents'explanationforwhytheseiconswerespecialfellintosixmajorcategories.Theicons:providedconnectionstoresidents'pasts;symbolizethesocialgroupstowhichresidentsbelongedorwithwhichtheyidentified;gavethecommunityitsdistinctivecharacter;satisfiedimportantfunctionalneeds;evokedemotionsorfeelings;andservedasremindersofpersonalaccomplishmentsandconcerns.Weconcludedthatplaceidentity,althoughsubjectiveandsubtle,canbeassessedandmanagedthroughsensitivelanddevelopmentefforts.DOI:10.1016/0169-2046(94)90001-9
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| [12] | BogacC.Placeattachmentinaforeignsettlement.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,2009,29(2):267-278.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494409000024AbstractThispaperexaminesissuesarisingfromtheinvoluntaryrelocationofTurkishCypriotrefugeesfromthesoutherntothenorthernportionoftheislandofCyprus.Aftertheceasefirein1974,participantsinthisstudywererelocatedintohomesoriginallybuiltandoccupiedbyGreekCypriots.Usingdataobtainedfromquestionnaires,semi-structuredinterviewsanddrawings,thestudyanalysestheirplaceattachmentundertheunusualcircumstancesoftheirownforcedrelocationcoupledwiththeiroccupationofhomesabandonedbyresidentsalsodisplacedbywarandinterethnichostility.Thestudycomparestheplaceattachmentofrefugeestotheirchildren,whowerebornandbroughtupinthenewcommunity.Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatparticipants'futureexpectationsshapedtheirattachmenttotheirnewhomesandcommunity,whilsttheirdegreeofattachmenttotheirpreviousenvironmentsalsoplayedanimportantroleintheattachmentprocess.Youngergenerations,ontheotherhand,weremoreattachedtotheircurrentenvironmentthanoldergenerations;howevertheydidnotwishtobeidentifiedwiththeircurrentenvironment.DOI:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.01.001
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| [13] | MazumdarS.Religionandplaceattachment:Astudyofsacredplaces.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,2004,24(3):385-397.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494404000465AbstractInthispaperweclaimthatreligioncanplayanimportantroleinplaceattachmentandpresentaconceptualizationofit.Weprovideanunderstandingoftheroleofplaceintheexperienceofreligiousplaceattachment,describingindetailplace,design,aesthetics,andspecialcharacteristicsthatfacilitatedevotion.Next,wedescribehowattachmenttoplaceislearnedthroughtheprocessofsocializationinvolvingrituals,useofartifacts,storytelling,andplacevisits.Wearguethatthereisanactivesocializingcomponenttoreligiousplaceattachmentinadditiontotheexperientialone.Weconcludewithabriefdiscussionintegratingthecomplexissuesofreligion,place,identity,andattachment.DOI:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.08.005
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| [19] | ManzoLC.Forbetterorworse:Exploringmultipledimensionsofplacemeaning.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,2005,25(1):67-86.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027249440500006XThispaperexploresthenatureofpeople'semotionalrelationshipstoplacesinordertolearnaboutthekindsofplacesthataremeaningfulforpeople,theroletheseplacesplayintheirlivesandtheprocessesbywhichtheydevelopmeaning.Becausesuchrelationshipshavebeenmostcommonlyexploredthroughpositiveexperiencesoftheresidence,thisresearchwasundertakentoexploreotherdimensionsofourrelationshipstoplaces.Toaccomplishthis,in-depthinterviewswereconductedwith40participantsintheNewYorkmetropolitanarea.Qualitativeanalysisrevealsthediversityandrichnessofpeople'semotionalrelationshipstoplaces,indicatingthatplacemeaningdevelopsfromanarrayofemotionsandexperiences,bothpositiveandnegative.Moreover,findingsdemonstratethesocio-politicalunderpinningsofouremotionalrelationshipstoplaces,particularlytheimpactofgender,race,classandsexuality,suggestinganeedtofurtherincorporatethefullmagnitudeofthehumanexperienceintothecurrentdiscourseonpeople–placerelationships.DOI:10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002
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| [20] | TangShunying,ZhouShangyi.Rolesoftestsintheconstructionoftouristssenseofplace:AnalysisonQufutravelwritings.GeographyandGeo-InformationScience,2013,29(2):100-104.[唐顺英,周尚意.文本在游客地方感建构中的作用研究:基于曲阜游记的分析.地理与地理信息科学,2013,29(2):100-104.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dlxygtyj201302020.aspx许多研究分析了游客对旅游目的地的感知水平及影响因素,但对文本在游客地方感建构中的作用研究相对较少。成功的旅游目的地营销往往借助了文艺作品、历史文献等文本,但文本在游客旅游动机产生、旅游过程和旅游后的情感积累中如何起作用,这方面尚缺乏具体的研究。该文以44篇有关曲阜的游记作为分析对象,从中找出文本在旅游三阶段中对游客地方感建构的作用。结论如下:1)旅游之前,文本是游客建立初步地方感的基础,而且著名文本能够激发游客的旅游动机;2)在旅游过程中,文本能够对游客初步地方感进行强化与修正;3)旅游后的游记类文本,能够提升游客对旅游地的情感和认同,优秀的游记类文本又可成为他人建构地方感的基础材料。因此,旅游目的地管理者应在网站上推介旅游目的地文本、增设游客观感展示区,并要加强景区解说文本的编写。DOI:10.7702/dlydlxxkx20130220
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| [21] | CaiXiaomei,ZhuHong,LiuChen.Characteristicsandcausesofsituationalthemerestaurantstaff'ssenseofplace:AcasestudyoftheTaste-YunnanRestaurantinGuangzhou.ActaGeographicaSinica,2012,67(2):239-252.[蔡晓梅,朱竑,刘晨.情境主题餐厅员工地方感特征及其形成原因:以广州味道云南食府为例.地理学报,2012,67(2):239-252.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dlxb201202010.aspx地方感的研究为探讨人地关系提供了新的视角。情境主题餐厅作为能提供特殊体验的一种微观文化空间,为员工构造了一个“异位(heterotopias)”的超现实空间(hyperreality)。本文通过对广州味道云南食府这一典型情境主题餐厅员工的体验式观察和深度访谈,探讨了情境主题餐厅员工对不同尺度空间产生的不同地方感特征及其原因,得出以下结论：①员工对情境主题餐厅及其所处城市的地方感存在差异。他们对餐厅具有强烈的地方认同和地方依赖,对餐厅所处城市具有地方依赖,但对餐厅以外的其他城市空间不存在地方认同；②员工对情境主题餐厅地方感特征产生的原因是餐厅融洽的社交环境、良好的工作和生活环境以及较高认同的情境(文化)；③员工对情境主题餐厅所处城市地方感特征产生的原因是城市所提供的良好工作条件、较差的自然环境、低熟悉的城市空间、对家乡的依恋和对“异乡人”的身份认同；④员工对情境主题餐厅及其所处城市的熟悉程度、环境和文化认同程度和归属/依恋程度的差异是员工对两者地方感存在差异的原因。结论对于丰富地方感在微观空间层面的理论与实证研究有重要的价值,能够为城市中其他微观文化空间的地方感研究提供借鉴。
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| [22] | XuZhenxiao,ZhangJie,GeoffreyW,etal.Researchoninfluenceofresidentsplaceattachmentonpositiveattitudetotourismwithamediatorofdevelopmentexpectation:AcaseofcoretourismcommunityinJiuzhaigou.ActaGeographicaSinica,2009,64(6):736-744.[许振晓,张捷,GeoffreyW,等.居民地方感对区域旅游发展支持度影响:以九寨沟旅游核心社区为例.地理学报,2009,64(6):736-744.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dlxb200906010.aspx 基于“地方感”、“期望理论”两个基本理论，从旅游核心社区居民地方感、旅游发展期望、旅游发展获益感知、旅游发展成本感知以及旅游发展支持度五个结构变量出发，通过引入旅游发展期望值作为中介变量，构建居民地方感对旅游发展支持度内部影响机制的理论模型。以世界遗产地九寨沟为实证研究对象，通过验证性因子分析和三阶段结构方程模型的定量分析，校验理论模型中各结构因子、结构因子与其所含维度之间影响路径及其系数，定量测度了居民的旅游发展期望在居民地方感与旅游发展正反影响感知关联中的中介效用和影响机制，及对旅游发展支持度的潜在影响模式。研究结果表明：①居民地方感对居民旅游发展正反影响感知的作用存在差异，地方感对获益感知的作用远大于成本感知。②居民从旅游发展中感知获益有助于他们对当地旅游发展持更积极态度，而成本感知则会产生消极影响。③居民旅游发展期望中介效用的存在性和有效性，居民地方感通过发展期望，强化了对旅游发展影响感知及旅游支持度作用。④发展期望在居民旅游发展正反影响感知两结构模型中的中介效用存在强弱，在感知获益子结构模型的中介作用强于感知成本子模型。
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| [23] | WuLiping,ZhouShangyi.Urbanizationimpactsonsenseofplaceforruralcommunities:AcasestudyofthreevillagesinBeijing.SocialScienceofBeijing,2009(2):30-35.[吴莉萍,周尚意.城市化对乡村社区地方感的影响分析:以北京三个乡村社区为例.北京社会科学,2009(2):30-35.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_bjshkx200902005.aspx本文通过选取受城市化影响程度不同的三个乡村社区,调查居民日常行为空间的变化过程以及对地方感的影响,发现地方感的差异不仅与空间重构导致的居民社区依附程度差异有关,同时还与社区"公共领域"有关.本文在此基础上提出强化地方感的措施,以更好地发挥农民建设新农村的主体作用,促进乡村建设.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-3054.2009.02.005
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| [24] | ZhuHong,QianJunxi,LeiFeng.Negotiatingplaceandidentityafterchangeofadministrativedivision.SocialandCulturalGeography,2011,12(2):143-158.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233105892_Negotiating_place_and_identity_after_change_of_administrative_divisionPlaceidentityisafluidconstructionthatisinaconstantdynamicsofre-imagination.Changesineconomic,social,culturalandpoliticalconditionsleadindividualandgroupstore-imagineandrebuildtheirplace-basedidentity.Onemajorforcethatcausespeople'sinterruptioninplaceidentityistherationalizingspatialprocessthatreducesplaceintoabstractspacethatisopentoreorganization.Inthispaper,weinvestigatetheinterruption,reconfirmationandrenegotiationoftheplace-basedidentityoflocalresidentsoftheformermunicipaldistrictofDongshan,Guangzhou,China,aftertheofficialadministrativeestablishmentofDongshanwascancelledbytheGuangzhoumunicipalauthorityin2005.Thirty-sixin-depthinterviewswereconducted,anditisfoundthatlocalDongshanresidents'placeidentityhadgenerallybeenenhanced,ratherthanvitiated,afterthe2005changeofadministrativedivision,whilediscoursesaboutinterruptionsintheirplaceidentityfilluptheirnarratives.Althoughsensingobviousinterruptioninplace-basedidentity,localDongshanresidentsre-imaginedthemeaningsoftheplaceofDongshantobuildupculturallydelimitedbordersthatwereconditionedbythenameDongshan,andthisre-imaginedplace-basedidentityresultsfromthelocalresidents'renegotiationaboutwhattheplaceofDongshanisandhowtheiridentitiesareconnectedtotheplace.DOI:10.1080/14649365.2011.545140
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| [25] | ZhouShangyi,YangHongyan,KongXiang.Thestructuralisticandhumanisticmechanismofplaceness:Acasestudyof798andM50artdistricts.GeographicalResearch,2011,30(9):1566-1576.[周尚意,杨鸿雁,孔翔.地方性形成机制的结构主义与人文主义分析:以798和M50两个艺术区在城市地方性塑造中的作用为例.地理研究,2011,30(9):1566-1576.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dlyj201109003.aspx探讨地方性的形成机制对保护传统的地方性和发展新的地方性十分必要。本文选择北京和上海两个艺术类文化创意产业集聚区,分析人文主义机制和结构主义机制的相互作用。按照结构主义的分析思路,调查了艺术区与外界的社会关系;按照人文主义的分析思路,调查了艺术家、画廊经营人和消费者对地方性的认同程度。研究发现:(1)结构主义和人文主义机制共同促成艺术区以景观体现城市的地方性。(2)国外艺术品需求的结构机制虽促成了对中国题材作品的需求,但尚未形成对两个城市地方性题材作品的强大需求。(3)在外界结构动力不足的情况下,三类人群对城市地方性的深层情感认同比较少,因此他们在创作或营销艺术品时,缺少人文主义的内在机制。由此建议:两市的政府应组织一些活动,鼓励艺术家创作本城市题材的艺术作品,从而使该类题材作品逐渐具有市场竞争力,并能抵制经济全球化过程对地方文化的负面冲击。
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| [26] | XieXiaoru,FengDan,ZhuHong.Theperceptionandidentitytotheculturalmicro-space:AcasestudyofFangsuoCommuneinTaiKooHui,Guangzhou.ActaGeographicaSinica,2014,69(2):184-198.[谢晓如,封丹,朱竑.对文化微空间的感知与认同研究:以广州太古汇方所文化书店为例.地理学报,2014,69(2):184-198.]http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dlxb201402004.aspx自20世纪70年代以来，经济文化全球化成为微空间生产与重构的重要动力。而随着生产方式和生活方式的改变，以符号和审美消费为主的后现代消费社会范式的崛起，促使文化成为行就消费空间的主要手段之一。广州方所文化书店就是在这样的背景下催生的新生事物。贴上文化标签后的方所文化书店，一反实体书店在现代消费社会中逐步被边缘化的窘境，出现伊始就受到各界的广泛关注。研究剖析了方所文化书店这类实体书店文化身份的展演（performance），并对消费者的感知与认同进行了解读。结果显示，通过经营者对文化手段的操纵，方所文化书店被形塑成一个世界文化的微观缩影，同时也成为一个具有尊贵与典雅特质的文化新空间。而消费者通过对实体微空间的环境、商品文化及人群品质的感知，也认同了这种新的文化消费空间。实体书店在标签化的文化表征与文化变迁中完成自我救赎，同时也被消费者重新认同。DOI:10.11821/dlxb201402004
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| [27] | RileyRW,LoveLL.Thestateofqualitativetourismresearch.AnnalsofTourismResearch,2000,27(1):164-187.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738399000687Previousreviewsoftourismresearchmethodshaveconcentratedonstudiesunderpinnedbypositivistscienceorassessmentsofquantitativemethodsandanalyses.Conspicuousbytheirabsencearereviewsthatfocusonstudiessupportedbytheinterpretiveparadigmandassessmentsofqualitativeanalyses.Thispaperprovidesadescriptivereviewofthelatterresearchusingfeaturearticlesfromfourmajorjournalsinthefield,employing“momentsofqualitativeresearch”astheframeworkofanalysis.Thispapermakesnoattempttoassessmethodologicalsophisticationbutprovidesbaselinedataaboutpreviousandpresentusesoftheinterpretiveparadigmandqualitativemethods.Itreviewseachjournalfromitsinceptionthrough1996.L’étatdelarecherchequalitativeentourisme.Lesexamensantérieursdesméthodesderechercheentourismeontfocalisésurdesétudesbaséessurlasciencepositivisteoudesévaluationsd’analysesetdeméthodesquantitatives.Ilyaunmanquenotablederapportsquiseconcentrentsurdesétudesbaséessurleparadigmeexplicatifoudesévaluationsd’analysesqualitatives.Cetarticleprésenteunbilandescriptifdegrandsarticlesderecherchesqualitativesdequatrerevuesimportantesentourisme,enemployantdes“momentsderecherchequalitative”commecadred’analyse.L’objectifdel’articlen’estpasd’évaluerlasophisticationméthodologiquesinondeprésenterdesdonnéesdebaseausujetdel’utilisationactuelleetantérieureduparadigmeinterprétativeetdesméthodesqualitatives.Onprendenconsidérationchaquerevuedepuissesdébutsjusqu’en1996.DOI:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00068-7
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| [28] | AndersonDH,FredricksonLM.Aqualitativeexplorationofthewildernessexperienceasasourceofspiritualinspiration.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,1999,19(1):21-39.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494498901104On-siteobservations,personalfieldjournals,andin-depthinterviewswereusedtoexaminequalitativeaspectsofthewildernessexperienceasasourceofspiritualinspiration.Twogroupsofwomenkeptpersonaljournalaccountsoftheirdaily`lived-experience'duringoneoftwooutdoorrecreationtrips;fiveparticipantswenttotheBoundaryWatersCanoeAreaWildernessinnorthernMinnesota,andsevenwenttotheGrandCanyonofnorthernArizona.Journalentrieswerecontent-analysed,exploringthecommonaltiesandidiosyncrasiesfoundbetweenindividualaccounts.Resultswereusedtodevelopageneralinterviewguide.Follow-upin-depthpersonalinterviewswereconductedwithin3weeksoftheconclusionofeachtrip.Interviewsweretape-recordedandtranscribedverbatim.Transcriptswerecontent-analysed,lookingforcommonaltiesanddistinctionsbetweenthedata.Participantsspokeoftheexpansivenessofthelandscapeandanawarenessofthesheerpowersofnatureascontributingtoameaningfulwildernessexperience,whichtherebyactedasspiritualinspirationformostindividuals.Moreover,positiveinterpersonalinteractionscombinedwithcompleteimmersioninawildernesssettingseemedtoinfluenceone'sproclivitytoperceivingelementsofthelandscapeaspossiblesourcesofspiritualinspiration.DOI:10.1006/jevp.1998.0110
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| [29] | WynveenCJ,KyleGT,SuttonSG.Naturalareavisitors'placemeaningandplaceattachmentascribedtoamarinesetting.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,2012,32(4):287-296.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494412000278Investigationsofplacehaveoftenfocusedoneitherplacemeaning(utilizinginterpretivedesigns)orplaceattachment(usingquantitativemeasures).Rarelyhaveresearchersexploredtheassociationbetweenand.Hence,thisinvestigationwasdesignedtoexplorehowindividuals'attachmenttoanaturalenvironmentisreflectedintheirdepictionsofwhytheresourceismeaningful.Webeganwith20keyinformantinterviewsdesignedtoidentifythemeaningsvisitorsascribedtoplacesintheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark.Themeaningsidentifiedwereusedtocreateaquestionnaire,addressingthethoughtsandfeelingsthatvisitorsascribedtothemarinepark,whichwasadministeredtoalargersample(=324)ofvisitorstothemarinepark.Resultssuggestthat,asaparticularmeaningbecomesmoresalienttotheindividual,theindividualhasadistinctivecognitive,emotional,andbehavioralresponsetothemeaning鈥攅vokingagreaterdegreeofattachment.DOI:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.05.001
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| [30] | WynveenCJ,KyleGT,SuttonSG.Placemeaningsascribedtomarinesettings:ThecaseoftheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark.LeisureSciences,2010,32(3):270-287.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490401003712705Usingdatacollectedfromin-depthinterviewsofrecreationalvisitorstoAustralia'sGreatBarrierReefMarinePark,place-relatedmeaningsascribedtoamarineenvironmentaredescribed.Theusefulnessofusingsymbolicinteractionismtounderstandthecreationofthesemeaningsisalsoassessed.Tenmeaning-themesemerged(aestheticbeauty,lackofbuiltinfrastructure/pristineenvironment,...DOI:10.1080/01490401003712705
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| [31] | VanRiperCJ,KyleGT,SuttonSG,etal.Mappingoutdoorrecreationists'perceivedsocialvaluesforecosystemservicesatHinchinbrookIslandNationalPark,Australia.AppliedGeography,2012,35(1):164-173.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622812000641Coastalecosystemsareincreasinglyfacedwithhumanimpacts.Tobetterunderstandthesechangingconditions,biophysicalandeconomicvaluesofnaturehavebeenusedtoprioritizespatialplanningeffortsandecosystem-basedmanagementofhumanactivities.Lessisknown,however,abouthowtocharacterizeandrepresentnon-materialvaluesindecision-making.Wecollectedon-siteandmailbacks...DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.008
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| [32] | VanDeVeenA,Logtmeijer,C.Economichotspots:Visualizingvulnerabilitytoflooding.NaturalHazard,2005,36(1-2):65-80.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-004-4542-yWesimulatealarge-scalefloodingintheprovinceofSouth-HollandintheeconomiccentreoftheNetherlands.Intraditionalresearch,damageduetofloodingiscomputedwithaunitlossmethodcouplinglanduseinformationtodepth-damagefunctions.Normallyonlydirectcostsareincorporatedasanestimateofdamagetoinfrastructure,propertyandbusinessdisruption.Weextendthisdamageconceptwiththeindirecteconomiceffectsontherestoftheregionalandnationaleconomyonbasisofabi-regionalinputoutputtable.Webroadenthisdamageestimationtotheconceptofvulnerability.Vulnerabilityisdefinedasafunctionofdependence,redundancyandsusceptibility.Susceptibilityistheprobabilityandextentofflooding.Dependencyisthedegreetowhichanactivityrelatestoothereconomicactivitiesintherestofthecountry.Input聳outputmultipliersformrepresentationsofthisdependency.Redundancyistheabilityofaneconomicactivitytorespondtoadisasterbydeferring,usingsubstitutesorrelocating.WemeasureredundancyasthedegDOI:10.1007/s11069-004-4542-y
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| [33] | AlessaL,KliskeyA,BrownG.Social-ecologicalhotspotsmapping:Aspatialapproachforidentifyingcoupledsocialecologicalspace.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,2008,85(1):27-39.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204607002216AbstractThispaperadvancestheconceptofacoupledsocial–ecologicalsystem(SES),wherehumanandbiophysicalsystemsarecloselylinked,toexamineandexplainvariationsinlandscapevaluesperceivedbypeopleintheirregion.Inthispaper,wedescribeanapproachthatallowsthemappingofSESbylinkingsurveyresearchwithgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)toprovidespatialrepresentationsofsocialandecologicalsystemconvergence.UsingsurveydatathatmeasuredlandscapevaluesfrommultiplecommunitiesontheKenaiPeninsula,Alaska,weidentifygeographicalareaswherebothhuman-perceivedandphysicallymeasuredecologicalvaluesoverlapandarereferredtoassocial–ecological“hotspots”.Communitylandscapevalues,collectedaspointdata,wereusedtogeneratepointdensitymapstoproducehotspotsurfacesforeachvalue.Thesevaluesurfaceswerespatiallycross-correlatedwithothercommunities’valuesurfacesandwithanecologicalmaplayer(netprimaryproductivity)todemonstratesocial–ecologicalmapping.Moderatespatialcross-correlationcoefficientswerefoundbetweenmostlandscapevaluesbycommunitywith18hotspotsurfacespairingsexhibitingstrongpositivespatialcrosscorrelations.Moderatelysignificant,positivelinearrelationshipswerefoundbetweenperceivedbiologicalvaluesandnetprimaryproductivityforthreeofsixcommunities.TheexploratoryspatialanalysispresentedinthispaperisafirststepinidentifyinganddescribingthepresenceofSESinaregionalcontext.Weconcludethepaperbydiscussingthepotentialmanagerialandecologicalimplicationsofcoupledsocial–ecologicalsystemsincludingsystemresilienceandvulnerability,andthelimitationsoftheapproachthatneedtobeconsidered.DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.09.007
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| [34] | ZhuXuan,PfuellerS,WhitelawP,etal.SpatialdifferentiationoflandscapevaluesintheMurrayRiverRegionofVictoria,Australia.EnvironmentalManagement,2010,45(5):896-911.Thisresearchadvancestheunderstandingofthelocationofperceivedlandscapevaluesthroughastatisticallybasedapproachtospatialanalysisofvaluedensities.SurveydatawereobtainedfromasampleofpeoplelivinginandusingtheMurrayRiverregion,Australia,wheredecliningenvironmentalqualitypromptedareevaluationofitsconservationstatus.Whendensitiesof12perceivedlandscapevaluesweremappedusinggeographicinformationsystems(GIS),valuedplacesclusteredalongtheentireriverbankandinassociatedNational/StateParksandreserves.Whilesimpledensitymappingrevealedhighvaluedensitiesinvariouslocations,itdidnotindicatewhatdensityofalandscapevaluecouldberegardedasastatisticallysignificanthotspotordistinguishwhetheroverlappingareasofhighdensityfordifferentvaluesindicateidenticaloradjacentlocations.AspatialstatisticGetis–OrdGi*wasusedtoindicatestatisticallysignificantspatialclustersofhighvaluedensitiesor“hotspots”.Of251hotspots,40%wereforsinglenon-usevalues,primarilyspiritual,therapeuticorintrinsic.Fourhotspotshad11landscapevalues.Two,lackingeconomicvalue,werelocatedinecologicallyimportantriverredgumforestsandtwo,lackingwildernessvalue,werenearthemajortownsofEchuca-MoamaandAlbury-Wodonga.Hotspotsforeightvaluesshowedstatisticallysignificantassociationswithanothervalue.Therewerehighassociationsbetweenlearningandheritagevalueswhileeconomicandbiologicaldiversityvaluesshowedmoderateassociationswithseveralotherdirectandindirectusevalues.Thisapproachmayimproveconfidenceintheinterpretationofspatialanalysisoflandscapevaluesbyenhancingunderstandingofvaluerelationships.DOI:10.1007/s00267-010-9462-x
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| [35] | ZygmuntBauman.LiquidModernity.Shanghai:SanlianBookstorePress,2002:2.[齐格蒙特·鲍曼.流动的现代性.上海:三联书店,2002:2.]
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| [36] | HesterR.Subconsciouslandscapesoftheheart.Places,1985,2(3):10-22.
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| [37] | StedmanRC.Towardasocialpsychologyofplace:Predictingbehaviorfromplace-basedcognitions,attitude,andidentity.EnvironmentandBehavior,2002,34(5):561-581.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233729905_Toward_a_Social_Psychology_of_Place_Predicting_Behavior_from_Place-Based_Cognitions_Attitude_and_IdentitySense-of-placewritingshaveproliferatedinrecentyears,yetresearchsuffersfromarelativelackofconstructclarityandhypothesistesting.Thisresearchpresentsamodelofsenseofplacebasedinconventionalsocialpsychology:cognitions,attitudes,identities,andbehavioralintentionslocatedinandfundamentallyaboutplace.AsurveyofpropertyownersinVilasCounty,Wisconsin,revealedtheimportanceofsymbolicmeaningsasunderpinningbothplacesatisfaction,conceptualizedasanattitudetowardasetting,andattachment,conceptualizedaspersonalidentificationwithasetting.Inturn,attachment,satisfaction,andmeaningsallhaveindependenteffectsonwillingnesstoengageinbehaviorsthatmaintainorenhancevaluedattributesofthesetting.DOI:10.1177/0013916502034005001
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| [38] | Twigger-RossCL,UzzellDL.Placeandidentityprocesses.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,1996,16(3):205-220.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494496900171ABSTRACTThispaperexaminestheroleofplaceandidentityprocessesusingBreakwell'smodelasaframework.Thismodelsuggeststhattherearefourprinciplesofidentitywhichguideaction:continuity,self-esteem,self-efficacyanddistinctiveness.Theseprinciplesareexaminedhereinrelationtoattachmenttoaresidentialenvironment.ItfocusesonresidentslivinginanareaoftheLondonDocklands,chosenbecauseofthesocial,environmentalandeconomicchangeinthatarea.Itwashypothesizedthatattachedrespondentswoulddiscusstheirrelationshipwiththelocalenvironmentinwayswhichsupportedordevelopedtheidentityprincipleswhereasnonattachedresidentswouldnotconsiderthelocalenvironmentinthisway.Twentyin-depthsemi-structuredinterviewswerecarriedoutonasampleofresidentsfromRotherhitheintheLondonDocklands.Theinterviewsweretranscribedandcontentanalysed.Resultsshowedthatthereweredifferencesbetweentheattachedandnonattachedrespondentsintheirdiscussionoftheirlocalenvironment.Inaddition,thereweredifferenceswithinthenonattachedgroupsuchthatsomeresidentswerenotattachedandneutralwithregardstotheirresidentialenvironment,whereasotherswerenotattachedbuthadanegativeevaluationoftheirresidentialenvironment.Theseresultsarediscussedwithintheidentityprocessmodelframework.DOI:10.1006/jevp.1996.0017
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| [39] | HarveyD.TheConditionofPostmodernity:AnEnquiryintotheOriginsofCulturalChange.Oxford:BasilBlackwell,1989.http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0631162941.htmlPublication»Theconditionofpostmodernity:anenquiryintotheoriginsofculturalchange.DOI:10.2307/1425268
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| [40] | MasseyD.Theconceptualizationofplace//MasseyD,JessP.APlaceintheWorld?Places,CulturesandGlobalization.Oxford:OpenUniversityOxfordUniversityPress,1995:45-77.http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA26279483Aplaceintheworld?:places,culturesandglobalizationeditedbyDoreenMasseyandPatJess（Theshapeoftheworld:explorationsinhumangeography,v.4）OpenUniversity,OxfordUniversityPress,1995:cloth:paper
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| [41] | GustafsonP.Meaningsofplace:Everydayexperienceandtheoreticalconceptualizations.JournalofEnvironmentalPsychology,2001,21(1):5-16.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494400901853Thispapersuggestsananalyticalframeworkfortheunderstandingofwhatmakesplacesmeaningful.Inaninterviewstudy,respondentswereaskedtolistplacestheyconsideredimportantanddescribewhattheseplacesmeanttothem.Theanalysisoftheinterviewsindicatesthatmeaningsspontaneouslyattributedtoplacesbytherespondentscanbemappedaroundandbetweenthethreepolesofself,othersandenvironment.Inaddition,anumberofunderlyingdimensionsofmeaningemerge:distinction,valuation,continuityandchange.Therelationshipbetweentheseresultsandearlierempiricalresearchisdiscussed.Thepaperalsopointsoutthat,toagreatextent,theempiricalfindingsconvergewiththeoreticalconceptualizationsofplacewithinsocialscience.Itthereforearguesthattheresultsofempiricalstudiesneednotbelimitedto聭specialplaces聮,butmayalso,usingthesuggestedanalyticalframework,contributetomoregeneralempiricalandtheoreticaldiscussionsregardingtherolesandmeaningsofplaceincontemporarysociety.Copyright2001AcademicPress.DOI:10.1006/jevp.2000.0185
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| [42] | RobertsonR.Glocalization:Time-spaceandhomogeneity-heterogeneity//FeatherstoneM,LashS,RobertsonR.GlobalModernities.London:SagePublications,1995:25-44.http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA26192341Page8.viGLOBALMODERNITIES14TheBirthofIdentityPoliticsinthe1960s:PsychoanalysisandthePublic/PrivateDivisionEliZaretsky24415TheModernError:Or,theUnbearableEnlightenmentofBeingEugeneHalton260Index278Page9.
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