1 Canfield D E, Glazer A N, Falkowski P G. The evolution and future of Earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science, 2010, 330: 192-196
[2]
2 Gruber N, Galloway J N. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature, 2008, 451: 293-296
[3]
3 Vitousek P M, Aber J D, Howarth R W, et al. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences. Ecol Appl, 1997, 7: 737-750
[4]
4 Galloway J N, Townsend A R, Erisman J W, et al. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science, 2008, 320: 889-892
[5]
5 Townsend A R, Howarth R W, Bazzaz F A, et al. Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle. Front Ecol Environ, 2003, 1: 240-246
[6]
6 Grimm N B, Faeth S H, Golubiewski N E, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 2008, 319: 756-760
[7]
7 Erisman J W, Sutton M A, Galloway J, et al. How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nature Geosci, 2008, 1: 636-639
[8]
8 Zhang D Q, Tan S K, Gersberg R M. Municipal solid waste management in China: Status, problems and challenges. J Environ Manage, 2010, 91: 1623-1633
[9]
9 Domene L A F, Ayres R U. Nitrogen’s role in industrial systems. J Ind Ecol, 2001, 5: 77-103.
[10]
10 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 1981-2009
[11]
11 United States Geological Survey (USGS). Nitrogen Statistics and Information. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nitrogen/ index.html#myb. Accessed Dec 12, 2011
[12]
12 Liu J, Diamond J. China''s environment in a globalizing world. Nature, 2005, 435: 1179-1186
[13]
13 Li Z S, Yang L, Qu X Y, et al. Municipal solid waste management in Beijing City. Waste Manage, 2009, 29: 2596-2599
[14]
14 Fu B, Zhuang X, Jiang G, et al. Environmental problems and challenges in China. Environ Sci Technol, 2007, 41: 7597-7602
[15]
15 Compton J E, Harrison J A, Dennis R L, et al. Ecosystem services altered by human changes in the nitrogen cycle: A new perspective for US decision making. Ecol Lett, 2011, 14: 804-815
[16]
16 Maxwell G R. Synthetic nitrogen products: A practical guide to the products and processes. New York: Kluwer Academic Press, 2004
18 Law K L, Moret-Ferguson S, Maximenko N A, et al. Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Science, 2010, 329: 1185-1188
[19]
19 Murakami S, Oguchi M, Tasaki T, et al. Lifespan of commodities, Part I. J Ind Ecol, 2010, 14: 598-612
[20]
20 Kaye J P, Groffman P M, Grimm N B, et al. A distinct urban biogeochemistry? Trends Ecol Evol, 2006, 21: 192-199
[21]
21 Gu B, Chang J, Ge Y, et al. Anthropogenic modification of the nitrogen cycling within the Greater Hangzhou Area system, China. Ecol Appl, 2009, 19: 974-988
25 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAOSTAT: FAO Statistical Databases. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx. Accessed Dec 12, 2011
[26]
26 Prud’homme M. Global fertilizers and raw materials supply and supply/demand balances 2009-2013. Shanghai: International Fertilizer Industry Association, 2009
[27]
27 Jensen L S, Schjoerring J K, van der Hoek K W, et al. Benefits of nitrogen for food, fibre and industrial production. In: Sutton M A, Howard C M, Erisman J W, et al, eds. The European Nitrogen Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 32-61
[28]
28 Zhang Q, Streets D G, He K, et al. NOx emission trends for China, 1995-2004: The view from the ground and the view from space. J Geophys Res, 2007, 112: D22306
[29]
29 International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). IFADATA: IFA statistical databases. http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/ STATISTICS. Accessed Dec 12, 2011
[30]
30 Rand W M, Pellett P L, Young V R. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003, 77: 109-127
[31]
31 Bilsborough S, Mann N. A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2006, 16: 129-152
[32]
32 The World Bank (TWB). World dataBank: World development indicators & global development finance. http://databank.worldbank.org/ ddp/home.do. Accessed Dec 12, 2011
[33]
33 Davis S J, Caldeira K. Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 5687-5692
[34]
34 Bloom D E, Canning D, Fink G. Urbanization and the wealth of nations. Science, 2008, 319: 772-775
[35]
35 Liu J, Daily G C, Ehrlich P R, et al. Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity. Nature, 2003, 421: 530-533
[36]
36 Galloway J N, Burke M, Bradford G E, et al. International trade in meat: The tip of the pork chop. Ambio, 2007, 36: 622-629
[37]
37 Cassman K G, Dobermann A, Walters D T. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio, 2002, 31: 132-140
[38]
38 Oenema O, Tamminga S. Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency. Sci China Ser C-Life Sci, 2005, 48: 871-887
[39]
39 Liu J, You L, Amini M, et al. A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 8035-8040
[40]
40 Duh J D, Shandas V, Chang H, et al. Rates of urbanisation and the resiliency of air and water quality. Sci Total Environ, 2008, 400: 238-256
[41]
41 Liu J, Diamond J. Revolutionizing China''s environmental protection. Science, 2008, 319: 37-38
[42]
42 Kapley A, Purohit H J. Diagnosis of treatment dfficiency in industrial wastewater treatment plants: A case study at a refinery ETP. Environ Sci Technol, 2009, 43: 3789-3795
[43]
43 Davidson E A. The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860. Nature Geosci, 2009, 2: 659-662
[44]
44 Kulkarni M V, Groffman P M, Yavitt J B. Solving the global nitrogen problem: It''s a gas! Front Ecol Environ, 2008, 6: 199-206
[45]
45 Sutton M A, Howard C M, Erisman J W, et al. The European Nitrogen Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011
[46]
46 Schlesinger W H. On the fate of anthropogenic nitrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2009, 106: 203-208
51 Wang Z, Jia F, Galea E R. A generalized relationship between the normalized yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Fire Mater, 2011, 35: 577-91
[52]
52 Troschinetz A M, Mihelcic J R. Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manage, 2009, 29: 915-23
[53]
53 林玉锁. 农药与生态环境保护. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2000
[54]
54 Redwood I. Theoretical and Practical Ammonia Refrigeration. Berlin: Nabu Press, 2010
[55]
55 Gu B, Zhu Y, Chang J, et al. The role of technology and policy in mitigating regional nitrogen pollution. Enviro Res Lett, 2011, 6: 014011
57 Min Y, Gong W, Jin X, et al. NCNA: Integrated platform for constructing, visualizing, analyzing and sharing human-mediated nitrogen biogeochemical networks. Environ Model Software, 2011, 26: 678-79
