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全球变化对人类传染病发生与传播的影响

, PP. 1743-1759

Keywords: 全球变化,传染病,自然因素,人类活动

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Abstract:

?在自然条件与人类活动加速全球变化的驱动下,传染病发生和传播的模式也在发生改变.自然因素尤其是气候变化将直接或间接影响许多传染病的暴发和传播.气温、降水、湿度和光照等气象要素通过影响病原体、宿主和疾病的传播媒介,从而改变传染病的发生和传播;极端气候事件引起的干旱、洪涝等气象灾害会直接对人类造成伤害并影响传染病的发生与传播;地表生态系统包括下垫面类型和植被分布也会间接对传染病的暴发产生影响.人类活动也是影响传染病传播的间接动力.其中,国际化、普遍化的旅行以及农村向城市的人口迁移所造成的人口流动是传染病大规模传播的根本原因;快速城市化伴随的城市基础设施滞后以及城市边缘传染病的高风险将改变传染病及其造成死亡的模式;农业侵占、森林砍伐等土地利用变化,已经引发了一系列疾病暴发并改变了许多地方病的传播方式;飞速发展的航空、公路和铁路交通运输,不但加快了疾病传播的速度,也扩大了疾病传播的范围.另外,频繁的经济贸易增加了传染病暴发的可能性,为病原体远距离扩散、新型病毒随牲畜贸易沿途扩散等提供了途径.

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