Akita M, Yoshida S, Nakamura Y, et al. 2011. Effects of charge distribution in thunderstorm on lightning propagation paths in Darwin, Australia. J Atmos Sci, 68: 719-726
[10]
Bell T F, Pasko V P, Inan U S. 1995. Runaway electrons as a source of red sprites in the mesosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 22: 2127-2130
[11]
Brown K A, Krehbiel P R, Moore C B, et al. 1971. Electrical screening layers around charged clouds. J Geophys Res, 76: 2825-2835
[12]
Bruning E C, Rust W D, Schuur T J, et al. 2007. Electrical and polarimetric radar observations of a muticell storm in TELEX. Mon Weather Rev, 135: 2525-2544
[13]
Clarence N D, Malan D J. 1957. Preliminary discharge processes in lightning flashes to ground. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 83: 161-172
[14]
Coleman L M, Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M. 2003. Effects of charge and electrostatic potential on lightning propagation. J Geophys Res, 108: 4298
[15]
Cui H H, Qie X S, Zhang Q L, et al. 2009. Intracloud discharge and the correlated basic charge structure of a thunderstorm Zhongchuan, a Chinese Inland Plateau region. Atmos Res, 91: 425-429
[16]
Kasemir H W. 1960. A contribution to the electrostatic theory of a lightning discharges. J Geophys Res, 65: 1873-1878
[17]
Klett J D. 1972. Charge screening layers around electrified clounds. J Geophys Res, 77: 3187-3195
[18]
Krehbiel P R, Riousset J A, Pasko V P, et al. 2008. Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorm. Nat Geosci, 1: 233-237
[19]
Liu X S, Ye Z X, Shao X M. 1989. Intracloud lightning discharges in the lower part of thunderstorm. Acta Meteorol Sin, 3: 212-219
[20]
Mansell E R, Macgorman D R, Ziegler C L, et al. 2002. Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model. J Geophys Res, 107: ACL2 1-12
[21]
Mansell E R, Macgorman D R, Ziegler C L, et al. 2005. Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm. J Geophys Res, 110: D12101, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005287
[22]
Marshall T C, Rust W D, Winn W P, et al. 1989. Electrical structure in two thunderstorm anvil clouds. J Geophys Res, 94: 2171-2181
[23]
Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M. 1998. Estimates of cloud charge densities in thunderstorms. J Geophys Res, 103: 19769-19775
[24]
Mazur V, Ruhnke L H. 1998. Model of electric charges in thunderstorms and associated lightning. J Geophys Res, 103: 23299-23308
[25]
Nag A, Rakov V A. 2009. Some inferences on the role of lower positive charge region in facilitating different types of lightning. Geophys Res Lett, 36: L05815, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036783
[26]
Pawar S D, Kamra A K. 2004. Evolution of lightning and the possible initiation/triggering of lightning discharges by the lower positive charge center in an isolated thundercloud in the tropics. J Geophys Res, 109: D02205, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003735
[27]
Qie X S, Yu Y, Liu X S, et al. 2000. K-type breakdown process of intracloud discharge in Chinese inland plateau. Prog Nat Sci, 10: 607-611
[28]
Qie X S, Zhang T L, Chen C P, et al. 2005. The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys Res Lett, 32: L05814, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022162
[29]
Qie X S, Zhang T L, Zhang G S, et al. 2009. Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China. Atmos Res, 91: 244-249
[30]
Shao X M, Krehbiel P R. 1996. The spatial and temporal development of intracloud lightning. J Geophys Res, 101: 26641-26668
[31]
Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Marshall T C. 1998. Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions: 2, isolated storms. J Geophys Res, 103: 14079-14096
[32]
Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Marshall T C. 1998. Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions: 3, synthesis. J Geophys Res, 103: 14097-14108
[33]
Tan Y B, Tao S C, Zhu B Y. 2006. Fine-resolution simulation of the channel structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning. Geophys Res Lett, 33: L09809, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025523
[34]
Tao S C, Tan Y B, Zhu B Y, et al. 2009. Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer. Atmos Res, 91: 360-370
[35]
Tessendorf S A, Rutledge S A. 2007. Radar and lightning observations of Normal and Inverted polarity Multicellular storms from STEPS. Mon Weather Rev, 135: 3682-3706
[36]
Vonnegut B, Moore C B, Espinola R P, et al. 1966. Electric potential gradients above thunderstorms. J Atmos Sci, 23: 764-770
[37]
Williams. 1989. The tripole structure of thunderstorms. J Geophys Res, 94: 13151-13167
[38]
Zhang Y J, Dong W S, Zhao Y, et al. 2004. Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 47(Suppl): 108-114
[39]
Zheng D, Zhang Y J, Meng Q, et al. 2010. Lightning activity and electrical structure in a thunderstorm that continued for more than 24 h. Atmos Res, 97: 241-256