Allan R J, Chambers D, Drosdowsky W, et al. 2001. Is there an Indian Ocean dipole, and is it independent of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation? Clivar Exch, 6: 18-22
[2]
Anderson D. 1999. Extremes in the Indian Ocean. Nature, 401: 327-328
[3]
Ashok K, K, Guan Z, Yamagata T. 2001. Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the relationship between the Indian Monsoon rainfall and ENSO. Geophys Res Lett, 28: 4499-4502
[4]
Ashok K, Behera S K, Rao S A, et al. 2007. El Ni?o Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J Geophys Res, 112: C11007, doi: 10.1029/ 2006JC003798
[5]
Behringer D W, Xue Y. 2004. Evaluation of the global ocean data assimilation system at NCEP: The Pacific Ocean. Preprints, Eighth Symp. on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface. Seattle: Amer Meteor Soc. 2.3
[6]
Bjerknes J. 1969. Atmospheric tele-connections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon Weather Rev, 97: 163-172
[7]
Carton J A, Chepurin G, Cao X, et al. 2000a. A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-1995, Part 1: Methodology. J Phys Oceanogr, 30: 294-309
[8]
Carton J A, Chepurin G, Cao X, 2000b. A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-1995, Part 2: Results. J Phys Oceanogr, 30: 311-326
[9]
Chang C P, Li T. 2000. A theory for the tropical tropospheric biennial oscillation. J Atmos Sci, 57: 2209-2224
[10]
Chen D, Cane M A. 2008. El Ni?o prediction and predictability. J Comput Phys, 227: 3625-3640
[11]
Chen D. 2011. Indo-Pacific Tripole: An intrinsic mode of tropical climate variability. Adv Geosci, 24: 1-18
[12]
Chen D, Busalacchi A J, Rothstein L M. 1994. The Roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation and wind stress in a model simulation of the tropical Pacific seasonal cycle. J Geophys Res, 99: 20345-20359
[13]
Ducet N, Le Traon P Y, Reverdin G. 2000. Global high resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2. J Geophys Res, 105: 19477-19498
[14]
Gill A E. 1980. Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 106: 447-462
[15]
Hastenrath S. 2002. Dipoles, temperature gradients, and tropical climate anomalies. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 83: 735-738
[16]
Jin F F. 1997a. An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual model. J Atmos Sci, 54: 811-829
[17]
Jin F F. 1997b. An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part II: A stripped-down coupled model. J Atmos Sci, 54: 830-847
[18]
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year Reanalysis Project. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 77: 437-472
[19]
Kug J S, Jin F F, An S I. 2009. Two types of El Ni?o events: Cold tongue El Ni?o and warm pool El Ni?o. J Clim, 22: 1499-1515
[20]
Levitus S, Gelfeld R. 1992. NODC Inventory of Physical Oceanographic Profiles, Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation. Washington DC: Natl Oceanic Data Cent. 18
[21]
Li T, Wang B, Chang C P, et al. 2003. A theory for the Indian Ocean dipole-zonal mode. J Atmos Sci, 60: 2119- 2135
[22]
Lian T, Chen D. 2012. An evaluation of rotated EOF analysis and its application to tropical Pacific SST variability. J Clim, 25: 5361-5373
[23]
Meyers G, Mcintosh P, Pigot L, et al. 2007. The years of El Ni?o, La Ni?a and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean. J Clim, 20: 2872-2880
[24]
Nigam S, Shen H S. 1993. Structure of oceanic and atmospheric low-frequency variability over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Part I: COADS observations. J Clim, 6: 657-676
[25]
Nicholson S E. 1997. An analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. Intl J Climatol, 17: 345-375
[26]
Picaut J, Masia F, du Penhoat Y. 1997. An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO. Science, 277: 663-666
[27]
Rasmusson E M, Carpenter T H. 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni?o. Mon Weather Rev, 110: 354-384
[28]
Rayner N A, Parker D E, Horton E B, et al. 2003. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res, 108: 4407, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670
[29]
Sakova I, Meyers G A, Coleman R. 2006. Interannual variability in the Indian Ocean using altimeter and IX1-expendable bathy-thermograph (XBT) data: Does the 18-month signal exist? Geophy Res Lett, 33: 1-5
[30]
Saji N H, Goswami B N, Vinayachandran P N, et al. 1999. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401: 360-363
[31]
Suarez M J, Schopf P S. 1988. A delayed action oscillator for ENSO. J Atmos Sci, 45: 3283-3287
[32]
Wang D P, Chen D, Sherwin T J. 1990. Coupling between mixing and advection in shallow sea front. Cont Shelf Res, 10: 123-136
[33]
Xie S P, Annamalai H, Schott F A, et al. 2002. Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J Clim, 15: 864-878
[34]
Yamagata T, Behera S K, Rao S A, et al. 2003. The Indian Ocean Dipole: A physical mode. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 84: 1418-1422
[35]
Yeh S W, Kug J S, Dewitte B, et al. 2009. El Ni?o in a changing climate. Nature, 461: 511-514
[36]
Yu J Y, Kim S T. 2010. Three evolution, patterns of central Pacific El Ni?o. Geophys Res Lett, 37: L08706, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042810
[37]
Yu L, Rienecker M M. 1999. Mechanisms for the Indian Ocean warming during 1997-98 El Nino. Geophys Res Lett, 26: 735-738
[38]
Zebiak S, Cane M A. 1987. A model El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation. Mon Weather Rev, 115: 2262-2278
[39]
Zhou L, Murtugudde R, Jochum M. 2008. Seasonal influence of Indonesian Throughflow in the southwestern Indian Ocean. J Phys Oceanogr, 38: 1529-1541