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晚三叠世鱼龙Shastasaurustangae头骨新观察及其演化趋势

, PP. 773-783

Keywords: 鱼龙Shastasaurustangae,晚三叠世,头骨解剖结构,演化趋势

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Abstract:

?鱼龙类是中生代统治海洋时间最久的海生爬行动物类群之一.依据产自贵州关岭地区晚三叠世法郎组瓦窑段大型鱼龙骨骼化石新材料,从侧视、顶视和后视三个观察方向补充介绍了Shastasaurustangae(邓氏萨斯特鱼龙)头部骨骼形态和骨骼间接触关系,并重点描述了鱼龙的枕部骨骼结构.S.tangae发达的前颌骨鼻上支向后伸至外鼻孔背缘中后部,鼻骨参与构成外鼻孔的背后侧缘,上颌骨的鼻后支分隔了泪骨和外鼻孔.外鼻孔周缘骨骼在不同时代的特征变化指示了鱼龙类外鼻孔具有位置逐渐向后、与眼眶距离逐渐缩短的演化趋势.鼻骨后缘和额骨锯齿状缝合,后外侧支和后额骨相交,分隔额骨和前额骨.上颞孔前平台发育中等,长度随个体变大而变短,显示与个体发育的相关性.顶脊前端自顶孔后部分叉,在额骨背面形成显著的V形脊状结构,顶脊侧支后平台略发育.由轭骨、眶后骨、方轭骨和方骨围成颊部腹缘,鳞骨既不参与构成颊部深湾也不参与构成上颞孔边缘.顶骨后缘内凹,基枕骨两侧具较大的翼状突起,上枕骨工字形、稍高,枕大孔较大,后耳骨呈大而宽的板状,镫骨小而窄.枕部骨骼的研究和对比表明,鱼龙类从三叠纪到白垩纪的进化历程中,颅骨呈现出基枕骨外枕髁区域逐渐缩小,枕髁相对增大,后耳骨逐渐变小,镫骨逐渐变大的演化趋势.产于北美洲晚三叠世的Shonisaurus枕髁外翼状突起大小与本种相当,但后耳骨小于Shastasaurustangae,推测它应该比S.tangae进步.

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