15 Klimisch H, Andreae M, Tillmann U A. Systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharm, 1997, 25: 1–5？？
18 Wheeler J R, Grist E P M, Leung K M Y, et al. Species sensitivity distributions: Data and model choice. Mar Pollut Bull, 2002, 45: 192–202？？
[5]
19 Jin X W, Zha J M, Xu Y P, et al. Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to native aquatic species in the Yangtze River. Environ Sci Res, 2011, doi: 10.1007/s11356-001-0594-1
[6]
20 Van Vlaardingen P L A, Verbruggen E M J. Guidance for the Derivation of Environmental Risk Limits Within the Framework of ‘International and National Environmental Quality Standards for Substances in the Netherlands’ (INS). Technical Report. Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 2007
[7]
21 Kooijman S A L M. A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species. Water Res, 1987, 21: 269–276？？
[8]
22 Aldenberg T, Slob W. Confidence Limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data. Environ Eng Sci, 1993, 25: 48–63
[9]
23 Newman M C, Ownby D R, Mézin L C A, et al. Applying species-sensitivity distributions in ecological risk assessment: Assumptions of distribution type and sufficient numbers of species. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2000, 19: 508–515
[10]
24 Posthuma L Suter II G W, Traas T P. Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2002
[11]
25 Wagner C, L？kke H. Estimation of ecotoxicological protection levels from NOEC toxicity data. Water Res, 1991, 25: 1237–1242？？
[12]
26 Van Straalen N M, Van Rijn J P. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of soil fauna recovery from pesticide application. Rev Environ Contamin Toxicol, 1998, 154: 83–141
[13]
27 Hall L W, Scott M C, Killen W D. Ecological risk assessment of copper and cadmium in surface waters of Chesapeake Bay watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem, 1998, 17: 1172–1189？？
[14]
28 Schuler L, Hoang T, Rand G. Aquatic risk assessment of copper in freshwater and saltwater ecosystems of South Florida. Ecotoxicology, 2008, 17: 642–659？？
[15]
33 Van Sprang P A, Verdonck F A M, Vanrolleghem P A, et al. Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of zinc in dutch surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2004, 23: 2993–3002？？
[16]
34 Warne M. Derivation of the Australian and New Zealand water quality guidelines for toxicants. Aust J Ecotox, 2002, 7: 123–136
[17]
35 USEPA. Quality Criteria for Water. Technical Report. Springfield, Virginia: US Department
3 Maltby L, Blake N, Brock T C M, et al. Insecticide species sensitivity distribution: Importance of test species selection and relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2005, 24: 379–388？？
[21]
4 ARMCANZ, ANZECC. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Technical Report. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, 2000
[22]
5 CCME. A Protocol for the Derivation of Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Technical Report. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 2007
[23]
6 USEPA. Update of Ambient Warter Quality Criteria for Cadmium. Technical Report. Washington DC: Office of Water, 2001
[24]
7 OECD. Report of the OECD Workshop on Extrapolation of Laboratory Aquatic Toxicity Data to the Real Environment. Technical Report. Environment Monographs No. 59. Paris: OECD, 1992
[25]
8 Stephan C E, Mount D I, Hansen D J, et al. Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses. Technical Report. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1985
[26]
9 European Chemical Bureau (ECB). Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment—Part II. Technical Report. Ispra: Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 2003
12 Jin X W, Zha J M, Xu Y P, et al. Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for 2, 4-dichlorophenol: Comparing native species data with non-native species data. Chemosphere, 2011, 84: 1506–1511
[30]
13 Gao J J, Liu L H, Liu X R, et al. Concentration level and geographical distribution of nitrobenzene in Chinese surface waters. J Environ Sci, 2008, 20: 803–805？？
[31]
14 Niu H, Deng W, Wu Q, et al. Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China. J Environ Sci, 2009, 21: 1053–1058？？
[32]
29 Shao Q X. Estimation for hazardous concentrations based on NOEC toxicity data: An alternative approach. Environmetrics, 2000, 11: 583–595？？
[33]
30 Leung K M Y, Kwong R P Y, Ng W C, et al. Ecological risk assessments of endocrine disrupting organotin compounds using marine neogastropods in Hong Kong. Chemosphere, 2006, 65: 922–938？？
[34]
31 Jin J L, Wang S J, Wei Y M. Ideal interval method based model for water quality evaluation. Nature Sci, 2004, 2: 24–28
[35]
32 Chowdhury S, Husain T, Bose N. Fuzzy risk-based modelling for human health risk from naturally occurring radioactive materials in produced water. J Environ Radioact, 2006, 89: 1–17？？
