[1] | See Margaret Blair and Lynn A.Stout,Director Accountability and the Mediating Role of the Corporate Board,Washington University Law Quarterly,2001,summer,P.403+.See also H Lowell Brown,The Corporate Director’s Compliance OversightResponsibility in the Past Caremark Era.Delaware Journal of Corporate Law,Vol.26,2001,PP.4—145.See also Erie W.Orts,Corporate Governance Stakeholder Accountability.and Sustainable Peace:War and the Business Corporation,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,Vol.35,2002,P.549+.
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[2] | See Gall A.Lasprogata and Marya N.Cotton,Contemplating“Enterprise”:The Business and Legal Challenges of Social Entrepreneurship.American Business Law Journal,Vol.41,2003,P.67+.
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[3] | 在公司的税收理论中,双重征税和实体论必然是联系在一起的,See Daniel Shaviro,Beyond Public Choice and Public Interest:A Study of the Legislative Process as Illustrated by Tax Legislation in the 1980s,University of Pennsylvania Law Review,Vol.139。issue 1,1990,P.60+;See also Barry Adler,Financial and Political Theories of American Corporate Bankruptcy,Stanford Law Review,Vol.45,1993,P.311+.
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[4] | See Jennifer Arlen and Deborah M.Weiss,A Political Theory of Corporate Taxation,Yale Law Journal,Vol.105,Issue2,1995,P.325+.
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[5] | See Lynn A.Stout,The Shareholder as Ulysses:Some Empirical Evidence on Why Investors in Public Corporations Toler ate Board Governance.University of Pennsylvania Law Review。Vol.152,issue 2,2003,P.667+;See also Bernard Black and Reinier Kraakman.Delaware’s Takeover Law:The Uncertain Search for Hidden Value,New York University Law Review,Vol.96,2002,P.521+,在该文中,两位学者指出,公司的隐藏价值是存在的,属于努力工作的董事会可见的,而对股东和潜在的进入者而言,是不能看到的。由于80年代的并购和反并购的大争论,导致公司的性质成了理论焦点,并且这场争论越来越持续,进一步延伸到公司的各个制度规则之中。这也是本文的主要的写作动机。这种争论的主要表现,文献众多,可以参见Ronald J.Gilson。A Structural Approach to Corporations:The Case Against Defensive Tactics in Tender Offer,Stanford Law Review,Vol.33.1981.P.819+:See also Frank H.Easterbrook and Daniel H.Fisehel,The Proper Role of a Target’s Management in Responding to a Tender Offer,Harvard Law Review,Vol.94,1981,P.1161+;See also Lucian Arye Bebchuk,The Case for Facilitating Competiting Tender Offer,Harvard Law Review,Vol.95,1982,P.1028+.See also John C.Coffee,Jr.,The Bylaw Battlefield:Can Institutions Change the Outcome of Corporate Control Contests?University of Miami Law Review,Vol.51,1997,P.605+:See also Jeffery N.Gordon,“Just Say Never?”Poison Pins,Deadhand Pills and Shareholder Adopted Bylaws:An Essay for Warren Buffet.Cardozo Law Review,Vol.19,1997,P.511+.
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[6] | 连建辉:“融资结构与企业控制权争夺”,《财经研究》,2002年第1期。同时参见张秋生、李霞、吴丽青:“控制权市场浮出水面”,《中国证券报》2002年11月7日。
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[7] | See Jean Tirole,Corporate Governance,Econometrica,Vol.69,No.1,2001,pp.1—35;作者指出,“在法和经济学学者中,公司治理的标准定义就是如何保护股东的利益”;see also Andre Shleifer and Robert W.Vishny,A survey of Corporate Governance,The Journal of Finance,Vol.52,Issue 2,1997,pp.737—783;在该文中作者认为公司治理就是确保融资提供方获得其回报的途径;而到了Zingales,他则认为公司是一个影响到准租金的事后谈判的复杂的约束集。see Luigi Zingales,Corporate Governance,in Peter Newman,ed.,The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law,Macmillan Reference Limited,1998,pp.497—503.
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[8] | See Robert W.Hamilton,Corporlate governance in America 1950—2000:Major changes but uncertain benefits,Journal of Corporation Law,2000,Vol.25,Issue 2,p.349+,See also Bernard S.Black,Shareholder Activism and Corporate Governance in the United States,in Peter Newman,ed.The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law,Macmillan Reference Limited,1998.有学者认为,股东行动主义已经被更为平衡的公司治理所替代,see David Vogel,Trends in Shareholder Activism:1970—1982,California Management Review,Vol.25,No.3,1983,pp.68—87.
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[9] | 这一主题较早是由斯通提出的,他探讨了对公司控制的传统法律模式。see Christopher D.Stone,Where the Law Ends:The Social Control of Corporate Behavior,Waveland Press,1975.See als0 David Millon,Communitarians,Contractarians,and the Crisis in Corporate Law,Washington and Lee Law Review,Vol 50,1993,P1373.See also See Lyman Johnson,Individual and Collective Sovereignty in the Corporate Enterprise,Columbia Law Review,Vol.92,1992,p.2215+;See also David Millon,Theories of the Corporation,Duke Law Review,1990,p.201+.
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[10] | 在某种程度上,这也是财产和合同的划分争论的延伸。See Henry Hansmann and Reiner Kraakman,Property,Contract,and Verification:The Numerus Clausus Problem and the Divisibility of Rights,Harvard Law School Research Paper No.237,2002.
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[11] | 陈勇:“论公司股权查封冻结顺序的确定标准”,载史际春、邓峰:《经济法学评论》,第四卷,中国法制出版社2004年版,页318以下。
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[12] | 路满平:“上市公司增发新股及其监管”,深圳证券交易所研究报告,be available at http://www.sse.org.
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[13] | 比如招商银行百亿可转换债券的发行,变成了中小股东利益的代表——基金组织和大股东的代表之间的斗争。
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[14] | 股东的出资,而法律对对价的控制,表现为对出资形式的不同控制程度,在英美法中趋向于事后调整和日益放松。See Franklin A.Gevurtz,Corporation Law,West Group,2000,P.123+;See also Hugh Collins,Regulating Contracts,Oxford University Press,1999,P.246+.
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[15] | See Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman,The End of History for Corporale Law,Op.Cit.
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[16] | See Kermit L.Hall,ed.,Law,Economy,and the Power of Contract:Major Historical Interpretations;New York,London:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1987,pp.485—601.
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[17] | 史尚宽:《民法总论》,1981年版,页121。该书最早出版于1971年,来源于30年代梅仲协先生的归纳。参见梅仲协:《民法要义》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,页65。我国现代学者沿用了这一划分。
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[18] | See Katsuhito,Iwai,Persons,Things and Corporations:The Corporate Personality Controversy and Corporate CorponrateGovernance,American Journal of Comparatve Law ,Vol.47,1999,pp.583——632.
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[19] | 比如汉密尔顿指出,各种理论,拟制说、实在说、特许说、契约说等等,都有助于解释公司,但都不完全正确,也不完全错误,都应当占据一席之地。see Robert W.Hamilton,The Law of Corporation,法律出版社,第4版,影印版,页5。
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[20] | 此处的corporation应当翻译为法人,而不是公司,现代法意义上的公司直到1855年英国制定了《有限责任法》之后,允许自由组织公司才出现。类似的表述在布莱克斯通的《英格兰法评论》中,主要是指以大学为中心的法人组织。
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[21] | Case of Sutton’s Hospital,77 Eng.Rep.937,973(K.B.1613),quoted from Larry D.Soderquist and A.A.Sommer,Jr.,Understanding Corporation Law,New York:Practising Law institute,1990,p.3.
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[22] | see Sir William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Laws of England ,Chap.18:of Corporations,electronic version,be a.vailable al internet.
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[23] | Lawrence M.Friedman,A History of American.Law,Second:Edition,Simon & Schuster.Inc.,1985.p.188.
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[24] | Trustees of Dartmouth College v.Woodward,17 U.S.(wheat.),1819.quoted from Lawrence E.Mitchell.Lawrence A.Cunningham and Lewis D.Soloman,Corporate Finance and Governance:Cases,Materials,and Problems for an Advanced Course in Corporations,Second.Edition,Carolina Academic Press,1996,p.7.
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[25] | Accountability是近年来得到广泛运用的概念,对此的定位,参见邓峰:“论经济法上的责任:公共责任与财务责任的融合:accountability”,《中国人民大学学报》2003年第3期。
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[26] | see S.P.Scott,A.M.,The Civil Law,Vol.3,VI The Enactments of Justiniatl The Digest of Pandects,electronic version,available at http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps03_j2—03.htm.
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[27] | See Katsuhito Iwai,Persons,Things and Corporations:The Corporate Personality Controversy and Comparative CorporateGovernaIlce,Op,cit.p.601.
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[28] | See Arthur W.Machen,Corporate Personality,Harvard.Law Review,Vol.24,1911,pp.253—261.
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[29] | see Gregory A.Mark,The Personification of the Business Corporation in American Law,University of Chicago Law Review,Vol.54,Fall,1987,pp.1441—1481.
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[30] | Quoted from John Flynn,The Jurisprudence of Corporate Personhood:The Misuse of Legal Concept,in Warren J.Samuels and Arthur S.Miller,eds.,Corporations and Society:Power and Responsibility,Greenwood Press,1987,pp.277—282.
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[31] | See Morton J.Horwitz,Santa Clam Revisited:The Development of Corporate Theory,West Virginia Law Review,Vo1.88,.1985,p.173.
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[32] | See Herbert Hovenkamp,Enterprose and American Law,1836—1937,Harvard University Press,1991,p.43.
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[33] | First National Bank of Boston v.Bellotti,435 U.S.765,778,1978.Quoted from Gregory A.Mark,The Personification of the Business Corporation in American Law,Op.Cit.,footnotes 3.
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[34] | See Michael J.Phillips,Reappraising the Real Entity Theory of the Corporation,Florida State University Law Review,Vol.21,pp.1061—1077,1994;See also Gregory A.Mark,The Petsonification of Business Corporation in American Law,Op Cit.
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[35] | 事实上,在民法通则制定之前,中国学术界对法人本质的讨论,主要是集中在刑法学界,而不是民法学界。民法学界对公司本质的探讨,从来是沿用了30年代的梅仲协先生的总结。参见邓峰:“公司出资审查和出资监管”,《安徽大学法律评论》,第2卷,2001年。
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[36] | 对此一个引申的讨论,是法人人格否定,是一个不能自圆其说的概念。如果法人的人格遭到否定,其依据仅仅是法人从事了不当行为的话,那么这个概念就是不周延的,因为任何一种组织形式的非法行为,都会导致主体资格的丧失,比如合伙从事了违法行为,同样也要被吊销营业执照;而反之,如果公司的股东变成了承担“直索责任”,法人的人格并不因此遭到否定,法人的人格只有在执照被吊销之后才完全丧失。因此,在股东责任的承担上,用“刺破公司面纱制度”显然是更为准确和更为合理的。这种错误,是将法人和有限责任混同之后的结果,也是将民法理论延伸到其力所不能及的组织理论之中的结果。鲍威尔在1931年就分析了这一问题,指出使用“人格否认”是错误的,而刺破公司面纱是“更准确的表述”。see Frederick J.Powell.Parent and Subsidiary Corporations:Liability of a Parent Corporation for the Obligations of its Subsidiary,chapter 1;沃姆斯则指出,“人格否认”比刺破公司面纱范围更大。See I.Maurice Wormser,Piercing the Veil of the Corporate Entity,Columbin Law Review,Vol.12,1912,p.496+;See also I.Maurice Wormser,The Disregard of the Corporate Fiction and Allied Corporate Problems,1927.
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[37] | 江平、方流芳:“法人的本质和为拟制论辩护”,《中国法学》1998年第3期。
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[38] | A.Hacker.ed.,1964,The Corporation Take—over,Harper and Row,quoted from James S.Coleman,Foundation of Social Theory.The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1990,PP.554—556.
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[39] | 邓峰:“经济法学漫谈:正义、效率与社会本位”,载史际春、邓峰主编《经济法学评论》2003年第四卷,中国法制出版社2004年版。
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[40] | see Melvin A.Eisenberg,The Conception that the Corporation is a Nexus of Contracts,and the Dual Nature of the Firm,The Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.24,1999,PP.819—836.See also William T.Allen,Jack B.Jacobs and Leo E.Strine,Jr.,The Great Takeove Debate:A Mediation on Bridging the Conceptual Divide,The University of Chicago Law Review,Vo1.69,PP.1067——1100.
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[41] | See Gregory A.Mark,Realms of Choice:Financial Capitalism and Corporate Governanc,Columbia Law Review.Vol.95,1995,P.969+;See also Brian R.Cheffins,Corporate Law and Ownership Structure:A Darwinian Link?University of Cambridge Working Paper,2002.在很大程度上,这些学者更倾向于分散的所有权。See also Roberta Romano.A Cautionary Note on Drawing Lesson from Comparative Corporate Law,Yale Law Journal,Vol.102,1993,P.2021+.和公司其他制度一并分析的学者也非常之多,See also David A.Skeel,Jr.,An Evolutionary Theory of Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy,Vanderbilt Law Review,Vol.51,Issue 5,1998,PP.1325—1398.
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[42] | See Melvin A.Eisenberg,The Conception that the Corporation is a Nexus of Contracts,and the Dual Nature of the Firm.The Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.24,1999,PP.819—836.最近的经济学学者的研究也对著名的GM兼并Fisher车体公司的案例提出了新的解释,认为组织的价值在于其内含的人力资本,而不是物资资本的组合。这被“权威”论的学者视为一个重要的论据。See Benjamin Klein,Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership:The Fisher Body——General Motors RelationshipRevisited,Journal of Law,Economic and Organization,Vol.4,1998,PP.199—208.
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[43] | See Margaret M.Blair and Lynn A.Stout,A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law,Virginia Law Review.Vol.85.1999,P.247+.See also Margaret M.Blair and Lynn A.Stout,Director Accountability and the Mediating Role of the Corporate Board,Washington University Law Quarterly,Vol.79,2001,PP.403—447.其他的代表性作品,也非常之多。例如R.Daniels.Stakeholders and Takeovers:Can Contractarianism be Compassionate?University of Toronto Law Journal,Vol.43,1993,pp.315—351.
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[44] | See Brian R.Cheffins,Corporations,in Peter Cane and Mark Tushnet,eds.,Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies.Oxford University Press.2003.PP.485—509.
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[45] | see Stephen M.Bainbidge,Director’s Primacy:The Means and Ends of Corporate Governance,Northwestern.University Law Review,Vol.97,Issue 2,2003,p.547+.
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[46] | See Ronald H.Coase,The Nature of the Firm,Economica,Vol.4,1937,p.386+,pp.387—388.
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[47] | 较新的理论,See Raghuram G.Rajan and Luigi Zingales,Power in the theory of the Firm .University of Chicago Working Paper,2000.两位学者不是从产权而是从对核心资产的“用益权”的角度来解释企业内的权力形成的。
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[48] | 对法律和经济学中使用的“产权”的概念不同的分析,see Thomas w.Merrill and Henry E.Smith.What Happened to Property in Law and Economics?The Yale Law Journal ,Vol.111,2001,pp.357—398.事实上,经济学中所使用的“产权”,并不一定能够得到法律的确认和执行,而忽略了法律本身的成本和技术限制。因此,产权一词,在很大程度上,是等同于权利的,而且并不限于法律上的权利,并不是什么权利束的概念。
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[49] | walter Lippmann,Drift and Mastery:An Attempt to Diagnose the Current Unrest,Prentice Hall,Reprint in1961,pp.42—143.
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[50] | Adolf A.Berle and Gardiner c.Means,The Modern Corporation and Private Property,Op.Cit,p.122.
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[51] | See David Millon,Communitarians,Contractarians,and the Crisis in Corporate Law,Washington and Lee Law Review,Vol.50,Issue 4,1993,p.1373+.
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[52] | 这是这一问题的争论核心,对此的探讨非常之多,并且仍然在继续之中,例如Lynn A.Stout,The Shareholder as Ulysses:Some Empirical Evidence On Why InveStors in Public Corporations Tolerate Board Governance,University of Pennsylvania Law Review,vol 152,2003,pp.667—712.较为综述性的论述,例如also Ronald M.Green,Shareholders as Stakeholders Changing Metaphors of Corporate Governance,Washington & Lee Law Review,Vol.50,1993,p.1409+.理论化的总结,例如Lawrence E.Mitchell,Groundwork of the metaphysics of corporate law,Washington and Lee Law Review,Vol.50,Issue 4,1993,p.1477+.
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[53] | 有关争论的延伸,以及与stakeholder和stockholder之间的关系,参见Thomas A.Smith,The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law:A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty,Michigan Law Review,Vol.98,Issue l,1999,pp.214—268.
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[54] | See Willston,History of the Law of Business Corporations Before1800,Harvard Law Review,Vol.2,1888,p.105+.
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[55] | 王利明:“民商合一与我国民商法的关系”,《西北政法学院学报》1986年第1期;邓峰:“试论民法的商法化及其与经济法的关系一对民法、经济法社会本位的比较思考”,《法学家》1997年第3期。
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[56] | see George P.Baker and George David Smith,The New Financial Capitalists:Kohlberg Kravis,Roberts and the Creation of Corporate Value,Cambridge University Press,1999.
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[57] | See Henry R.Cheeseman,The Legal and Regulatory Environment,Second Edition,Prentice—Hall,Inc.,2000,pp.34—36.
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[58] | see Andrea Guaccero,Recent Developments in European Takeover and Corporate Law,Cardozo.Journal of International and Comparative Law,Vol—12,p.91+.
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[59] | See Robert C.Clark,Corporate Law,Aspen Law & Economics,1986,PP.602—603.See also Robert A.G.Monks and Nell Minow,Corporate Governance,Second Edition,Blackwell Publishing Inc.,2000,p.4l+.See also Franklin A.Gevurtz.Corporation Law,West Group,2000,PP.304—305.
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[60] | See also Franklin A Gevurtz,Corporation Law,ibid P.211.
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[61] | 这也是特许主义理论的产物(concession theory of corporation)。see also Franklin A.Gevurtz,Corporation Law,ibid.p.220.
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[62] | Stockholder模式的说法,借用了汉斯曼教授的说法,他将整个世界范围内,公司法的基本模式,分为stockholderoriented:stakeholder—oriented;state—owned—oriented;labor—oriented和manager—oriented的五种,将stockholder—oriented视为正统模式,其他的都是变异模式,并且认为其他模式正在衰落之中,已经被证明是缺乏效率的。这被称之公司法的进化终结。See Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman,The End of History for Corporate Law,Georgetown Law Journal,Jan 2001,Vol.89.Issue 2:PP.439—1469.
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[63] | 中国经济学界中对此进行介绍的,见崔之元:“美国29州公司法变革的理论背景及对我国的启示”,《经济研究》1996年第4期以及沈艺峰:“公司控制权市场理论的现代演变一美国三十五个州反收购立法的理论意义”,《中国经济问题》,2000第2期更为系统和正式的文献,参见杨瑞龙、周业安:《企业的利益相关者理论及其应用》,经济科学出版社2000年版。应当说,利益相关者理论和公司治理成为主导性研究主题和社会热点问题,两者是紧密相关的。
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[64] | 对法人财产权的讨论,是中国90年代后期公司理论的核心命题,对此的综述,参见史际春、温晔、邓峰:《企业公司法》,中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
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[65] | Adolf A.Berle and Gardiner C.Means,The Modern Corporation,and Private Property,Revised Edition。New York:Harcourt,Brace & World,Inc.,1968,Preface VII—VIII.
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[66] | 比较著名的批评,参见walter werner,Management,Stock Market and Corporate Reform:Bede and Means Reconsidered,Columbia Law Review,Vol.77,1977,p.388+.
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[67] | 对此的批评,包括许多著名的经济学家,如德姆塞茨、斯蒂格勒等等,See Harold Demsetz,The Structure of Ownership and the Theory of the Firm,Journal of Law and Economics,Vol.26.1983,p.375+;See also George J.Sugler and Claire Friedland,The Literatute of Economics:The Case of Bede and Means,Journal of Law and Economics Vol.26,1983,p.237+;See also Herny Manne,The“HigheR”Criticism of the Modern Corporation,Columbia Law Review,Vol.62,1962,pp.399—407.
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[68] | 公司是一个合同的连接体,这种视野基本上构成了早期法律经济学学者的基本判断和假设,最典型的表述是詹森和麦克林,see Michael C.Jensen and William H.Meckling,The Theory of the Firm:Managerial Behavior,Agency Costs and Ownership Structure ,Journal of Financial Economics,1976,p.305+。哈特和格罗斯曼则是将合同反转,即合同由于信息问题不可能穷尽所有发生的若然情况,因而有必要采用赋予一方以所有权,从而解决合同中不能穷尽的问题这基本上也是沿着这一思路展开的,不过是把合同换成了更为从法律上界定的“产权”这种产权的概念和法律上的存在着极大差异。See Sanford J.Grossman and Oliver D.Hart,The Costs and Benefits of Ownership:A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration,Journal of Political Economics,1986,Vol.94,p.69l+.See also Oliver Hart,An Economist’s.Perspective on the Theory of the Firm,Columbia Law Review,Vo1.89,1989,p.1757+.
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[69] | See Armen A.Alchain and Harold Demsetz,Production,Information Costs,and Economic Organization.American Economic Review,Vol.62,1972,P.777.
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[70] | 代表性的作品非常多,几乎是目前的法律经济学公司理论的全部,See Joseph T.Walsh.The Fiduciary Foundation of Corporate Law,Journal of Corporation Law,spring 2002,Vol.27,PP.333—337;See also Larry E.Ribstein and Henry N.But.ler,Opting Out of Fiduciary Duties:A Reply to the Anti—Contractarians,Washington Law Review,Vol.65,1990,p.1+;See also Henry M.Butler,The Contractual Theory of the Corporation,Georgia Mason Law Review,Vol.11,1989,P.99+:See also Jonathan R.Macey,Corporate Law and Corporate Governance:A Contractual Perspective,Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.18,P.185:See also Larry E.Ribstein,Choosing Law by Contract,Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.18,1993,p.245+.
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[71] | See Melvin A.Eisenberg,The Conception that the Corporation is a Nexus of Contracts,and the Dual Nature of the Firm.The Journal of Corporation Law,op.Cit.,P.829.
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[72] | See Douglas M.Branson,The Death of Contractarianism and the Vindication of Structure and Authority in Corporate Gov.ernance and Corporate Law,in Lawrence E.Mitchell,ed.,Progressive Corporate Law,Westview Press,1995,P.95.持有这一观点的学者阵营也相当之多,代表性的人物包括Machen,Mitchell,Eisenberg,Blair等等。兹不——引述。
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[73] | 对公司法的法律调整方式,采用的case by ease的方法,也有许多学者提出批评,See Marcel Kahan and Ehud Ka—mar,Price Discrimination in the Market for Corporate Law,Cornell Law Review,Vol.86,2001,pp.1205——1239:See also Ehud Kamar,Shareholder Litigation Under Indeterminate Corporate Law,University of Chicago Law Review,Vol.66,1999,pp.887—891.事实上,这是在存在重大理论争议的时候,以及法院的能力受到限制,必然采取的方式。公司法的大多数有争议性的规则和案例,都和本文所讨论的理论分析相关。对case by ease的审判方式,Cooter指出,在长期进化中,如果法院遵守“先例必须遵守”,则可以产生有效率的规则。See Robert Cooter,Lew is Kornhauser and David Lane,Liability Rules,Limited Information.and the Role of Precedent,The Bell Journal of Economics,Vol.10,Issue 1,1979,pp.366—373.
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[74] | See Ronald H.Coase,The Nature of the Firm,Economica,Vol.4,1937.PP.387—388.
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[75] | See Mark J.Roe,The Shareholder Wealth Maximization Norm and Industrial Organization,University of Pennsylvania Law Review,Vol.149,2001,P.2063+.
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[76] | 对此的讨论非常之多,例如see Lucian Arye Bebchuk and Martin Lipton.The Case Against Board Veto in Corporate Takeover,University of Chicago Law Review,Vol.69,2002,p.973+.该文指出不应当允许董事会阻挡超越必要期限的给予了股东以合理选择的要约收购,这是财产论的典型观点。而强调控制权的,则属于实体论。see also Wayne O.Hanewicz,When Silence is Golden:Why the Business Judgment Rule Should Apply to No—Shops in Stock—for—stock Merger Agreements,Journal of Corporation Law Vol 28,lssue 2,p.205+.有学者也从历史考察中得出了大公司的控制权被实际控制在管理者手中的结论,例如See David Bunting and Mark s.Mizruchi,The Transfer of Control of Large Corporations:1905—19119,Journal of Economic Issues,Vol.16,1982,p.985+.实体论的学者常常关注于控制权的溢价和私自出售问题。例如See Yededia Z.stern,The Private Sale of Corporate Control:A Myth Dethroned,The Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.25,2000,pp.512—552.其他的讨论,例如see also Brain R.Cheffins Mergers and the Evolution of Patterns of Corporate Ownership and Control:the British Experience,University of Cambridge Working Paper,2003.Lynn A.Stout,Do Antitakeover Defenses Decrease Shareholder Wealth?The Ex Post/Ex Ante Valuation Problem,UCLA School of Law Working Paper.2002.See also Lucian Arye Bebchuk.Efficient and Inefficient Sales of Corporate Control,The Quarterly Jourual of Economics,Vol.109,Issue 4,1994,pp.957—993.
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[77] | See Robert A.G.Monks and Nell Minow,Corporate Governance,Second Edition,Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2000,pp.92—93.
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[78] | See Melvin A.Eisenberg,The Conception that the Corporation is a Nexus of Contracts,and the Dual Nature of the Firm,The.Journal of Corporation,Law,Vol.24,1999,pp.819—836.
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[79] | See Oliver E.Williamson,Visible and Invisible Governance,The American Economic Review,Vol.84,Issue 2,1994,pp.323—326.
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[80] | See Frank H.Easterbrook and Daniel R.Fischel,The Economic Structure of Corporate Law,Haward University Press,1991,p.1+.
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[81] | See Richard A.Posner,Economic Analysis of Law,fifth edition,Aspen Law & Business,1998,p.431.
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[82] | See Larry D.Soderquist,Theory of the Firm:What a Corporation is,The Journal of Corporation Law,Vol.25,Issue2,2000,pp.375—381.
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[83] | 也有学者将对企业和公司的认识总结为结构情形理论和组织生态学理论。see Jeffrey Pfeffer,New Directions for Organization,Theory:Problems and Prospects,Oxford University Press,1997,p.156+.
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[84] | See Oliver E,Williamson,The Economic Institutions of Capitalism:Firms,Markets,Relational Contracting,Free Press,1985,P.10.
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[85] | 这涉及到另外一个命题,即现代合同理论的问题。See lan R.Macneil and Paul J.Gudel,Contracts:Exchange,Transactions and Relations,Cases and Materials,Third Edition,Foundation Press,2001,P.25+;See alSO Oliver E.Williamson,The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties:An Introduction.in M.Aoki,B.Gustafsson and O.E.Williamson,eds.,The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties,Sage Press,1990,P.11.同时,合同、财产和意志自由之间的关系,See James Gordley,Contract,Property,and the Will—the Civil Law and Common Law Tradition,in Scheiber,Harry N,The State and Freedom of Contract,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1998.阿蒂亚则通过对传统合同的批评,指出了现代合同的广泛性,See P.S.Atiyah,Contracts,Promises and the Law of Obligation,Law Quarterly Review,1978;reprinted in P.S.Atiyah,Essays on Contract,Clarendon Press,1986,PP.10—56.
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[86] | See Henry Hansmann and Reinier Kraakman,The Essential Role of Organization Law,Yale.Law Journal,Vol.110,2000,pp.387—440.
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[87] | 对此,限于本文的篇幅,将另文讨论。
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[88] | See.Richard A.Posner,The Justice of Economics,Economica Delle Scelte Pubbliche,Vol.1,1987,pp.15—25;See also Richard A.Posner.wealth Maximization Revisited,Notre Dame Journal of Law,Ethics and Public Policy,Vol.2,1985,pp.85—105.
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[89] | 效率的界定方法非常之多,但这是目前较为成熟的两种。更多的探讨,See Richard O.Zerbe Jr.,Economic Efficiency in Law and Economics,Edward Elgar,2001.
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