[1] | Ronald Gilson & Reinier Kraakman,Clark’s Treatise on Corporate Law:Filling Manning’s Empty Towers,31 Journal of Corporate Law 599,599(2006).
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[2] | Henry Manne,Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control,73 Journal of Political Economy 110(1965),此文有一姐妹篇发表于法学期刊,见Some Theoretical Aspects of Share Voting,64 Columbia Law Review 1427(1964).
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[3] | 根据Manne的回忆,其时他不仅未获认可,反而遭到学界的冷待。见Henry Manne,How Law and Economics was Marketed in a Hostile World:A Very Personal History,in Francesco Parisi & Charles Rowley(ed.),The Origins of Law and Economics:Essays by the Founding Fathers 309,311—312(2005).
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[4] | Fred Shapiro,The Most—Cited Law Review Articles Revisited,71 Chicago—Kent Law Review 751,768(1996).
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[5] | 对该文的后续影响的回顾,见Symposium:The Legacy of Henry G.Manne:Pioneer in Law & Economics and Innovator in Legal Education,50 Case Western Reserve Law Review No.2(1999).
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[6] | 1991年美国法经济学会(American Law and Economics Association)成立时,Henry Manne与卡拉布雷兹(Guido Calabresi)、科斯(Ronald Coase)、波斯纳(Richard Posner)被承认为法经济学的创始人,见http://www.amlecon.org/assoc.html,2007年4月15日访问。
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[7] | 见前注[48]。
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[8] | 对现代金融学兴起的回顾,见Ronald Gilson & Reinier Kraakman,The Mechanisms of Market Efficieney 20 Years Later:The Hindsight Bias,28 Journal of Corporation Law 715,717—720(2003).
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[9] | Harry Markowitz,Portfolio Selection,7 Journal of Finance 77(1952).
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[10] | Franco Modigliani & Merton Miller,The Cost of Capital,Corporate Finance and the Theory of Investment.48 American Economic Review 261(1958);Dividend Policy,Growth,and the Valuation of Shares,34 Journal of Business 411(1961).
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[11] | William Sharpe,Capital Asset Prices:A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk,19 Journal of Finance 425(1964);John Lintner,The Valuation of Risk Assets and The Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets 47 Review of Economics and Statistics 13(1965).
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[12] | Eugene Fama,The Behavior of Stock—Market Prices,38 Journal of Business 34(1965).
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[13] | 1990年,Markowitz,Miller与Sharpe被授予诺贝尔经济学奖,而Modigliani早在1985就被授予诺贝尔奖,Fama近年来也一直被认为是获奖热门人选。
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[14] | 金融学和经济学在研究对象和方法上的区别,见Larry Summers,On Economics and Finance,40 Journal of Finance 633(1985).
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[15] | Ronaid Coase,The Nature of the Firm,4 Economica 386—405(1937).
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[16] | Oliver Williamson,Markets and Hierarchies:Analysis and Antitrust Implications,New York:Free Press,1975.其学说被认为是发扬了科斯在《企业的性质》中提出的交易成本观点。
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[17] | Michael Jensen & William Meckling,Theory of the Firm:Managerial Behavior,Agency Costs,and Ownership Structure,3 Journal of Financial Economics 305(1976).
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[18] | Oliver Hart & John Moore,Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm,98 Journal of Political Economy 119(1990).
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[19] | Oliver Hart,An Economist’s Perspective on the Theory of the Firm,89 Columbia Law Review 1757(1989).
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[20] | 对这一时期美国公司并购浪潮的讨论,见Bengt Holmstrom & Steven Kaplan,Corporate Govemance and Merger Activity in the United States:Making Sense of the 1980s and 1990s,15 Journal of Economic Perspectives 121(2001).
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[21] | 防御敌意收购的措施生生不息,难以穷尽。对各种防御措施的讨论,参见Jennifer Arlen & Eric Talley,Unregulable Defenses and the Perils of Shareholder Choice,152 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 577(2003).
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[22] | Frank Easterbrook & Daniel Fischel,The Proper Role of a Target’s Management in Responding to a Tender Offer,94 Harvard Law Review 1161(1981).
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[23] | Lucian Bebchuk,The Case for Facilitating Competing Tender Offers:A Reply and Extension,35 Stanford Law Review 23(1982);Ronald Gilson,Seeking Competitive Bids Versus Pure Passivity in Tender Offer Defense,35 Stanford Law Review 51(1982).参与这场讨论的年轻学者后来都成为今天的公司法大家。
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[24] | 1985年特拉华州最高法院在一起重要的公司并购案件的判决书中引用了并购研究的文献,尽管法院未采纳Easterbrook与Fischel的建议,见Unocal Corp.v.Mesa Petroleum Co.,493 a.2d 946,954—955 nn.9 & 10(1985)。对于影响特拉华州最高法院关于公司收购案件判决的其他政治、社会与经济因素的讨论,见Jeffrey Gordon,Corporations,Markets,and Courts,91 Columbia Law Review 1931(1991)。
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[25] | Weinberger v.UOP Inc.,497 A.2d 792(1985).对于特拉华州法院如何采用新的估价方案的评述,见Rutheford Campbell,The Impact of Modern Finance Theory in Acquisition Cases,53 Syracuse Law Review 1(2003).
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[26] | Robert Clark,Corporate Law,Boston,MA:Little,Brown 1986.中译本参见(美)罗伯特·克拉克:《公司法则》,胡平等译,中国工商出版社1999年版。
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[27] | Robert Clark,Contracts,Elites,and Traditions in the Making of Corporate Law,89 Columbia Law Review 1703(1989).
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[28] | 见前注[51]。
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[29] | Bing—Yuan Hsiung,The Commonality between Economics and Law,15 European Journal of Law & Economics 33(2004).也可见熊秉元:“法律经济学:方法论上的几点考虑”,《台大法学论丛》第29卷第1期,1999年,页215—28。
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[30] | 对于股价作为衡量公司治理质量的标准的讨论,见Lynn Stout,Share Price as a Poor criterion for Good Corporate Law,3 Berkeley Business Law Journal 43(2005)。
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[31] | 律师在商业与金融交易中的角色,见Ronald Gilson,Value Creation by Business Lawyers:Legal Skills and Asset Pricing,94 Yale Law Journal 239(1984)。
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[32] | 见前注[91],中译本。国内学者借鉴与应用公司法合约理论的情况,参见罗培新:《公司法的合约解释》,北京大学出版社2004年版;参见汤欣:《公司治理与上市公司收购》,中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
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[33] | 对公司法合约理论的检讨并不少见,除了前注97提到的研讨会外,经典的批判还包括William Bratton,The“Nexus of Contracts”Corporation:A Critical Appraisal,74 Cornell Law Review 407(1989)。
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[34] | Lawrence Mitchell(ed.),Progressive Corporate Law(Westview Press,1995);Kent Greenfield,The Failure of Corporate Law:Fundamental Flaws and Progressive Possibilities,University of Chicago Press 2007.
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[35] | Margaret Blair & Lynn Stout,A Team Production of Corporate Law,85 Virginia Law Review 248(1999).
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[36] | Stephen Bainbridge,Director Primacy:The Means and Ends of Corporate Governance,97 Northwestern University Law Review 547(2003);Directory Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment,119 Harvard Law Revieu1735(2006).
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[37] | Michael Klausner,The Contractarian Theory of Corporate Law:A Generation Later,31 Journal of Corporation Law 779(2006);Henry Hansmann,Corporation and Contract,8 American Law and Economics Review Ⅰ(2006).
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[38] | Ian Ayres & Robert Gertner,Filling Gaps in Incomplete Contracts:A Theory of Default Rules,99 Yale Law Journal 87(1989).中译文见伊恩·艾尔斯、罗伯特·格特纳:“填补不完全合同的空白:默认规则的一个经济学理论”,李清池译,《北大法律评论》第7卷第1辑,2005年,页37—74。
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[39] | 对公司格式合同制定的讨论,参见Marcel Kahan & Michael Klausner,Standardization and Innovation in Corporate Contracting(Or“The Economics of Boilerplate”),83 Virginia Law Review 713(1997).
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[40] | Oliver Hart,Firms,Contracts,and Financial Structure(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995);Raghuram Rajah & Luigi Zingales,Power in a Theory of the Firm,113 Quarterly Journal of Economics 387(1998).
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[41] | Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman,The Essential Role of Organizational Law,110 Yale Law Journal 387(2000).
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[42] | Margaret Blair & Lynn Stout,Specific Investment:Explaining Anomalies in Corporate Law,31 Journal of Corporation Law 719(2006).
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[43] | Mathias Reimann,Stepping Out of the European Shadow:Why Comparative Law in the United States Must Develop Its Own Agenda,46 American Journal of Comparative Law 637(1998).
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[44] | Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman,The End of History for Corporate Law,89 Georgetown Law Journal 439,443—451(2001).
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[45] | Mark Roe,Some Differences in Corporate Structure in Germany,Japan,and the United States,102 Yale Law Journal 1927(1993);Roberta Romano,A Cautionary Note on Drawing Lessons from Comparative Corporate Law,102 Yale Law Journal 2021(1993);Bernard Black & John Coffee,Jr.,Hail Britannia?:Institutional Investor Behavior Under Limited Regulation,92 Michigan Law Review 1997(1994).
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[46] | Rafael La Porta,Florencio Lopez—de—Silanes,Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny,Law and Finance,106 Journal of Political Economy 1113(1998).
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[47] | 对“法与金融”文献的回顾与检讨,见拙作:“法律、金融与经济发展:比较法的量化进路及其检讨”,《比较法研究》,近期即将发表。
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[48] | 例如L.C.B.Gower,Some Contrasts between British and American Corporation Law,69 Harvard Law Review 1369(1956).
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[49] | Rafael La Porta,Florencio Lopez—de—Silanes,Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny,Law and Finance,106 Journal of Political Economy 1113(1998)..
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[50] | John Coffee,Jr.,The Rise of Dispersed Ownership:The Roles of Law and the State in the Separation of Ownership and Control,111 Yale Law Journal 1(2001).
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[51] | Bernard Black,Brian Cheffins & Michael Klausner,Outside Director Liability,58 Stanford Law Review 1055(2006).
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[52] | Ronald Gilson,Controlling Shareholders and Corporate Governance:Complicating Corporate Taxonomy,119 Harvard Law Review 1641(2006).
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[53] | Mark Roe,The Political Determinants of Corporate Governance:Political Context,Corporate Impact,Oxford University Press 2003.
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[54] | Katharina Pistor,Yoram Keinan,Jan Kleinheisterkamp & Mark West,The Evolution of Corporate Law:A Cross—Country Comparison,23 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 791(2002).
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[55] | Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman,见前注[115];John Coffee,The Future as History:The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and its Implications,93 Northwestern University Law Review 641(1999);Ronald Gilson,Globalization of Corporate Governance:Convergence of Form or Function,49 American Journal of Comparative Law 329(2001).
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[56] | 从下列的主要论文集,可窥一斑:Klaus Hopt,Hideki Kanda,Mark Roe,Eddy Wymeersch & Stefan Prigge(ed.),Comparative Corporate Governance:The State of the Art and Emerging Research,Oxford 1999;Joseph McCahery,Piet Moerland,Theo Raaijmakers & Luc Renneboog(ed.),Corporate Governance Regimes:Convergeace and Diversity Oxford 2002;Curtis Milhaupt(ed.),Global Markets,Domestic Institutions:Corporate Law and Governance in a New Era of Cross—Border Deals,Columbia University Press 2003;Jeffrey Gordon & Mark Roe(ed.),Convergence and Persistence in Corporate Governance,Cambridge 2004;Klaus Hopt,Eddy Wymeersch,Hideki Kanda & Harald Baum(ed.),Corporate Governance in Context:Corporations,States,and Markets in Europe,Japan,and the US,Oxford 2005.
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[57] | Rienier Kraakman,Paul Davies,Henry Hansmann,Gérard Hertig,Klaus Hopt,Hideki Kanda & EdRock,The Anatomy of Corporate Law:A Comparative and Functional Approach,Oxford 2004.
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[58] | David Skeel,Jr.,Corporate Anatomy Lessons,113 Yale Law Journal 1519,1577(2004).另外的评论,见Luca Enriques,Book Review:The Comparative Anatomy of Corporate Law,52 American Journal of Comparative Law 1011(2004)。
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[59] | 具体的讨论,见Klaus Hopt,Comparative Company Law,in Mathias Reimann & Reinhard Zimmermann(eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law,Oxford 2006,pp.1186—90.中译本见(美)莱纳·克拉克曼、(英)戴维斯:《公司法的剖析:功能与比较的视角》,刘俊海等译,北京大学出版社2007年版。
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[60] | Tracey E.George,An Empirical Study of Empirical Legal Scholarship:The Top Law Schools,81 Indiana Law Journal 141(2006).
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[61] | 公司法的实证分析方法的介绍以及有关文献,见Sanjai Bhagat & Roberta Romano,Event Studies and the Law:Part Ⅱ:Empirical Studies of Corporate Law,4 American Law and Economic Review 380(2002).
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[62] | Randall Thomas,The Increasing Importance of Empirical Research in Corporate Law Scholarship:A Review of Mark Roe,The Political Determinants of Corporate Governance:Political Context,Corporate Impact,92 Georgetown Law Journal 981(2004).
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[63] | Leo Strine,Jr.,The Inescapably Empirical Foundation of the Common Law of Corporations,27 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 499(2002).
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[64] | 对美国法学界跨学科研究盛行状况的评述,见Kathleen Sullivan,Foreword:Interdisciplinarity,100 Michigan Law Review 1217(2002)。
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[65] | 下列学术刊物经常刊载以公司法为主题的论文:Journal of Law & Economics,Journal of Legal Studies,Journal of Law,Economics & Organization,Journal of Institutional & Theoretical Economics,International Review of Law & Economics。
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[66] | Lawrence Cunningham,Behavioral Finance and Investor Governance,59 Washington & Lee Law Review 767(2002);Troy Paredes,Too Much Pay,Too Much Deference:Behavioral Corporate Finance,CEOs,and Corporate Governance,32 Florida State University Law Review 673(2005).
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[67] | Thomas Smith,The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law:A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty,98 Michigan Law Review 214(1999).
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[68] | Mark Roe,见前注[47]与[124];政治经济学的视角也用于检讨现行的立法,见Roberta Romano,The Sarbanes—Oxley Act and the Making of Quack Corporate Governance,114 Yale Law Journal 1521(2005)。
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[69] | Edward Rock & Michael Wachter,Islands of Conscious Power:Law,Norms,and the Self—Governing Corporation,149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1619(2001);Margaret Blair & Lynn Stout,Trust,Trustworthiness,and the Behavioral Foundations of Corporate Law,149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1735(2001).
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[70] | Amir Licht,The Mother of All Path Dependencies:Toward a Cross—Cultural Theory of Corporate Governance Systems,26 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 147(2001).
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[71] | Donald Langevoort,The Human Nature of Corporate Boards:Law,Norms,and the Unintended Consequences of Independence and Accountability,89 Georgetown Law Journal 797(2001).
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[72] | 哈佛法学院的Lucian Bebchuk可能是当前美国最有政策影响力的公司法学者,而其师承可以追溯到Berle(其导师Victor Brudney是Berle的弟子)。Bebchuk的学术生涯及其对公司实务的影响,见Dan Slater,The Activist Professor,The Daily Deal,June 1,2007,http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/corporate_governance/MediaMentions/06—01—07—Deal—1.pdf.
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[73] | Robert Clark,Major Changes Lead Us Back To Basics(A Response to the Symposium on My Treatise),31 Journal of Corporation Law 591(2006).Brian Cheffins有相同的看法,见前注[1]。
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[74] | Mark Roe,Corporate Law’s Limits,31 Journal of Legal Studies 233(2002);Michael Klausner,The Limits of Corporate Law in Promoting Good Corporate Governance,in Jay Lorsch et al(eds.),Restoring Trust,In American Business,MIT Press 2005,pp.91—8.
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[75] | 对中国民法学研究缺陷的讨论,见王轶:“对中国民法学学术路向的初步思考——过分侧重制度性研究的缺陷及其克服”,《法制与社会发展》2006年第1期,页87—97。
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[76] | 国内对美国公司法演进历程的研究,见王军、戴萍:“美国公司法的发展演变”,《国际商法论丛》(第8卷),法律出版社2006年版,页12—71。此处的引用并不意味着本文的作者同意这篇论文中的一些论断,如美国公司法“沿着一条螺旋上升的轨迹向前发展”。也可见韩铁:“试论美国公司法向民主化和自由化方向的历史性演变”,《美国研究》2003年第4期,页42—63。
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[77] | Oscar Handlin & Mary Handlin,Origins of the American Business Corporation,5 Journal of Economic History 1(1945).
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[78] | Lawrence Friedman,A History of American Law 172,447(1973).
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[79] | 对其趋势的政治经济学解释,见HenryButler,Nineteenth—Century Jurisdictional Competition in the Granting of Corporate Privileges,14 Journal of Legal Studies 129(1985).
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[80] | Susan Hamill,From Special Privilege to General Utility:A Continuation of Willard Hurst’s Study of Corporations,49American University Law Review 81,105(1999).
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[81] | Gregory Mark,The Personification of the Business Corporation in American Law,54 The University of Chicago Law Review 1441,1443(1987).
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[82] | Trustees of Dartmouth College v.Woodward,17 U.S.518(1819).
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[83] | Santa Clara v.South Pacific Railroad Company,118 U.S.394(1886).
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[84] | Morton Horwitz,Santa Clara Revisited:The Development of Corporate Theory,88 West Virginia Law Review 173(1985).
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[85] | Charles Yablon,The Historical Race Competition for Corporate Charters and the Rise and Decline of New Jersey:1880—1910,32 Iowa J.Corp.L.323,337(2007).
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[86] | William Kirk,A Case Study in Legislative Opportunism:How Delaware Used the Federal—State System to Attain Corporate Preeminence,10,Journal of Corporation Law 233(1984).
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[87] | Joel Seligman,A Brief History of Delaware’s General Corporation Law of 1899,1 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 249(1976).
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[88] | Marcel Kahan & Edward Rock,Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law,58 Vanderbilt Law Review 1573,1578—1583(2005).
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[89] | Morton Keller,Law and the Corporation,in Austin Sarat et al(ed.),Looking Back at the Law’s Century,Ithaca,New York:Cornell University Press,2002,p.239.
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[90] | 据最新的统计,超过60%的Fortune 500公司和超过50%的美国(NYSE与NASDAQ)上市公司的注册地在特拉华州,适用特拉华州公司法。见http://www.corp.delaware.gov/default.shtml,2007年4月15日访问。
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[91] | Amasa Eaton,The First Book in English on the Law of Incorporation,12 Yale Law Journal 259(1903).1978年该书重新翻印,见William Sheppard,of Corporations,Fraternities,and Guilds New York:Garland 1978.
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[92] | Samuel Williston,History of the Law of Business Corporation before 1800(Part Ⅰ),2 Harvard Law Review 105,110(1888).
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[93] | Douglas Arner,Development of the American Law of Corporations to 1832,55 SMU Law Review 23,42(2002).
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[94] | Joseph Angell & Samuel Ames,A Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations Aggregate(1832).
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[95] | 见前注[24],p.50(2002).
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[96] | William Cook,A Treatise on The Law of Stock and Stockholders,as Applicable to Railroad,Banking,Insurance,Manufacturing,Commercial,Business,Turnpike,Bridge,Canal,and Other Private Corporations,New York:Baker,Voorhis & Co.1887.
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[97] | Alfred Conard,Cook and the Corporate Shareholder:A Belated Review of William W.Cook’s Publications on Corporation,93 Michigan Law Review 1724(1995).
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[98] | William Cook,The Law Book of the Future,21 Michigan Law Review 365,371(1923).
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[99] | 美国法学教育的发展,参见(美)罗伯特·斯蒂文:《法学院:19世纪50年代到20世纪80年代的美国法学教育》,阎亚林等译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版。
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[100] | Ron Harris,The Transplantation of the Legal Discourse on Corporate Personality Theories:From German Codification to British Political Pluralism and American Big Business,63 Washington & Lee Law Review 1421(2006).
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[101] | Gregory Mark,The Personification of the Business Corporation in American Law,54 University of Chicago Law Review 1441,1464—78(1987).
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[102] | John Dewey,The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality,35 Yale Law Journal 655,669(1926).
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[103] | Max Radin,The Endless Problem of Corporate Personality,32 Columbia Law Review 643,667(1932).
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[104] | Edward Rock,The Corporate Form as a Solution to a Discursive Dilemma,162 Journal of Institutional & Theoretical Economics 57(2006).
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[105] | A.A.Sommer,Jr.,Whom Should the Corporation Serve?The Berle—Dodd Debate Revisited Sixty Years Later,16 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 33(1991).
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[106] | A.A.Bede,Jr.,Corporate Powers as Powers in Trust,44 Harvard Law Review 1049(1931).
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[107] | E.Merrick Dodd,Jr.,For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees?,45 Harvard Law Review 1145(1932).
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[108] | A.A.Berle,Jr.,For Whom Corporate Managers Are Trustees:A Note,45 Harvard Law Review 1365(1932).
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[109] | 对这一话题的回顾,见Anant Sundaram & Andrew Inkpen,The Corporate Objective Revisited,15 Organization & Science 350,351-352(2004).
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[110] | Dodge v.Ford Motor Company,170 N.W.668(1919).在该案中,福特汽车公司的小股东Dodge兄弟起诉要求大股东兼董事长Henry Ford派发公司红利,而非扩建工厂。通常情况下,法院基于商业判断原则,不会介入公司的内部事务。但在本案中,鉴于Ford辩称公司之所以不分红是为了更好地满足雇员与顾客的利益,法院明确表示,“一家商业公司组建并运作的主要目的是为股东谋利。董事应围绕这一目的行使权力。”
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[111] | Adolf Berle & Gardiner Means,The Modern Corporation and Private Property Mcamillan Company 1933.中译本见(美)阿道夫·伯利、加德纳·米恩斯:《现代公司与私有财产》,甘华鸣等译,商务印书馆2005年版。
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[112] | William Bratton,Berle and Means Reconsidered at the Century’s Turn,26 Journal of Corporation Law 737,738(2001).
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[113] | 伯利、米恩斯,见前注[42],1932年版,序言。
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[114] | Jordan Sehwarz,Liberal:Adolf A.Berle and the Vision of an American Era,New York:Free Press 1987.p.77.
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[115] | Basis Inc.v.Levinson,485 U.S.224(1988).
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[116] | 对事件分析方法的介绍,见Sanjai Bhagat & Roberta Romano,Event Studies and the Law:Part Ⅰ:Techniaue and Corporate Litigation,4 American Law and Economic Review,143—152(2002).
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[117] | Mark Mitchell & Jeffry Netter,The Role of Financial Economics in Securities Fraud Cases Applications at the Securities and Exchange Commission,49 Business Lawyer 545,572—77(1994).
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[118] | Kenneth Lehn,Some Observations on Henry Manne’s Contributions to Financial Economics,50 CaseWestern Reserve Law Review 263,266(1999).
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[119] | William Cary,Federalism and Corporate Law:Reflections Upon Delaware,83 Yale Law Journal 663(1974).
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[120] | Ralph Winter,State Law,Shareholder Protection,and the Theory of the Corporation,6 Journal of Legal Studies 251(1977).
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[121] | Daniel Fischel,The‘Race to the Bottom’Revisited:Reflection on Recent Developments in Delaware’s Corporation Law,76 Northwestern University Law Review 913(1982).
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[122] | Roberta Romano,Law as a Product:Some Pieces of the Incorporation Puzzle,1 Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization 225(1985);The State Competition Debate in Corporate Law,8 Cardozo Law Review 709(1987).Romano教授在这些文章的基础上撰写了支持公司法州际竞争机制的经典论述The Genius of American Corporate Law,AEI Press 1993。
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[123] | 对这一论争的简要回顾,见Renee Jones,Rethinking Corporate Federalism in the Era of Corporate Reform,20 Journal of Corporation Law 625,629—633(2004)。
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[124] | 对这一社会背景的回顾,参见(美)弗朗西斯·福山:《历史的终结及最后之人》,黄胜强、许铭原译,中国社会科学出版社2003年版。
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[125] | 对美国法学院公司法课程改革的建议,见前注[48],pp.352—6。
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[126] | Victor Brudney & Marvin Chirelstein,Cases and Materials on Corporate Finance,Mineola,N.Y.:Foundation Press 1972.此书分别于1979年和1987年出版了第2版和第3版。
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[127] | William Bratton,Jr.,Review:Corporate Finance in the Law School Curriculum,1985 Duke Law Journal237(1985).
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[128] | William Klein & John Coffee,Jr.,Business Organization and Finance:Legal and Economic Principles Foundation Press,8th ed.,2002.此书属通用教材,在2007年已出第10版。
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[129] | 金融学与经济学领域流行的公司财务教材要深奥得多,例如Jean Tirole,The Theory of Corporate Finance,Princeton University Press 2006;中译本见(法)让·梯若尔:《公司金融理论》,王永钦译,中国人民大学出版社2007年版。
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[130] | Frank Easterbrook & Daniel Fischel,The Economic Structure of Corporate Law,Halvard University Press 1991.中译本见(美)弗兰克·伊斯特布鲁克、丹尼尔·费希尔:《公司法的经济结构》,张建伟、罗培新译,北京大学出版社2005年版。
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[131] | 2000年的引用次数统计显示,此书名列1978年以来出版的法学专著前50名,见Fred Shapiro,The Most—Cited Legal Books Published Since 1978,29 Journal of Legal Studies 397(2000)。两位作者不仅因此书也因其先前发表的论文名列被引用次数最多的法学家之列,见Fred Shapiro,The MostCited Legal Scholars,29 Journal of Legal Studies 409(2000).
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[132] | Ian Ayres,Review:Making a Difference:The Contractual Contributions of Easterbrook and Fischel,59 University of Chicago Law Review 1391(1992).
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[133] | 对这一观点的历史溯源与检讨,见William Bratton,Jr.,The New Economic Theory of the Firm:Critical Perspectives from History,41 Stanford Law Review 1471(1989).
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[134] | 在这一点上,公司法的合约解释中实际上包含着自相矛盾的论点,即法律的消极(Passivity)与效率(Efficiency)的悖论。具体的讨论见Robert Daines & Jon Hanson,The Corporate Law Paradox:The Case for Restructuring Corporate Law,102 Yale Law Journal 577,582—5(1992).
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[135] | 1989年《哥大法律评论》组织了一次主题为“公司法中的合约自由”(Contractual Freedon in Corporate Law)的研讨会,当时美国主要的公司法学者大多出席,参会论文刊发于该评论第89卷第7辑,综述见Lucian Bebchuk,Foreword:The Debate on Contractual Freedom in Corporate Law,89 Columbia Law Review 1395(1989)。
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[136] | Sanjai Bhagat & Bernard Black,The Uncertain Relationship Between Board Composition and Firm Performance,54 Business Lawyer 921(1999);The Non—Correlation Between Board Independence and Long—Term Firm Performance,27 Journal of Corporation Law 231(2002).
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[137] | 对SOX法案内容的简要介绍,参见方流芳:“乱世出重典——_2002年美国公司改革法案述评”,《21世纪经济报道》2002年8月19日;详细的分析,见Stephen Bainbridge,The Complete Guide to Sarbanes—Oxley,Adams Media 2007.
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[138] | Henry Butler & Larry Ribstein,The Sarbanes—Oxley Debacle:What We’ve Learned;How to Fix It,AEI Press 2006.从国际比较的视角,见Kate Litvak,Sarbanes—Oxley and the Cross—Listing Premium,105 Michigan Law Review 1857(2007).
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[139] | John Coates Ⅳ,The Goals and Promise of the Sarbanes—Oxley Act,21 Journal of Economic Perspectives 91(2007).对于这一场论战中适用的实证分析方法的检讨,见James Cox,The Role Of Empirical Evidence In Evaluating The Wisdom Of The Sarbanes—Oxley Act,40 University of San Francisco of Law Review 823(2006).
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[140] | Mathias Siems,Numerical Comparative Law:Do We Need Statistical Evidence in Law in Order to Reduce Complexity?,13 Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 521(2005).
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[141] | 易明秋:“公司治理方法论的发展——从美国国内法到国际性的学术整合”,《东海大学法学研究》第22期,2005年,页57—99。对公司治理的范围、主题与学说的讨论,见Shann Turnbull,Corporate Governance:Its Scope,Concerns and Theories,5 Corporate Governance 180(1997).
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[142] | 过去5年来美国法经济学会的年会议题,见http://www.amlecon.ors/meeting.html,2007年5月15日访问。
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[143] | Richard Posner,A Review of Steven Shavell’s Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law,44 Journal of Economic Literature 405,412—3(2006).
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[144] | 来自学界与政界的呼吁,见Interim Report of the Committee On Capital Markets Regulation(2006),http://www.capmktsreg.ors/research.html,2007年5月15日访问。
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[145] | Brian Cheffins,The Trajectory of(Corporate Law)Scholarship,63 Cambridge Law,Journal 456(2004).
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[146] | 近几年来,单是美国的法学期刊(Law Review & Journals)每年就发表逾400篇以公司与证券法为主题的论文;美国的公司法学者每年会投票从中遴选出10篇重要的论文,重印于Corporate Practice Commentator。历年来的入选论文见http://law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/thompson/index.html,2007年5月15日访问。
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[147] | 1607年第一批英国移民在今天弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯城(Jamestown)设立第一个定居点,1776年北美13个殖民地宣布脱离英国独立为美利坚合众国,历经多年的战争,英国于1783年正式承认美国的独立。见何勤华主编:《美国法律发达史》,上海人民出版社1998年版,页1。
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[148] | 英属东印度公司创立于1600年,对其发展的讨论见Ron Harris,The English East India Company and the History of Company Law,in Ella Gepken—Jager et al(eds.),VOC 1602—2002:400 Years of Company Law,Kluwer Legal Publishers,2005,pp.219—47.
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[149] | Samuel Williston,History of the Law of Business Corporation before 1800(Part Ⅱ),2 Harvard Law Review 149,165(1888).不过,虽然英国于1719年制定了《泡沫法案》以应对当时的金融危机,并在1741年扩及英属北美殖民地,但该法案并没有真正适用于美国,见E.Merrick Dodd,American Business Corporations until 1869,Cambridge,1954,p.367.
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[150] | James Willard Hurst,The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Jaw of the United States,1780—1970,Charlottesville,Virginia:University Press of Virginia,1970,pp.8—9.
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[151] | Rafael La Porta,Florencio Lopez—de—Silanes,Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny,Investor Protection and Corporate Govemance,58 Journal of Financial Economics 3(2000).
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[152] | Mark Roe,Strong Managers,Weak Owners:The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance Princeton University Press,1994.
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[153] | Roberta Romano,After the Revolution in Corporate Law,55 Journal of Legal Education 342(2005).
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[154] | Bayless Manning,The Shareholders’Appraisal Remedy An Essay for Frank Coker,72 Yale Law Journal223,245,n.37(1962).
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[155] | 对上世纪四五十年代美国公司法研究的回顾,见William Carney,The Legacy of‘The Market for Corporate Control’and the Origins of the Theory of the Firm,50 Case Western Reserve Law Review 215,221—224(1999).
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