[1] | (美)凯斯·R·桑斯坦:《权利革命之后:重塑规制国》,钟瑞华译,中国人民大学出版社2008年版,页223。
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[2] | Richard A. Merrill, “FDA''s Implementation of the Delaney Clause.. Repudiation of Congressional Choiceor Reasoned Adaptation to Scientific Progress?”,5 Yale J. on Reg.(Winter 1988) , p. 2.
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[3] | Lars Noah&Richard A. Merrill, Starting from Scratch?:Reinventing the Food Additive ApprovalProcess, 78 B. U. L. Reg.(April, 1998),p. 396.
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[4] | 例见FDAv.Brown&Williamson Tobacco Corp.,529 U. S. 120, 179 [2000);Margaret Gilhooley,“Plain Meaning, Absurd Results and the Legislative Purpose: The Interpretation of the Delaney Clause”,40 AdminL. Rev. [1988 );凯斯·R·桑斯坦,见前注〔1),页107、108以及224、225;[美)H. W.刘易斯:《技术与风险》,杨健、缪建兴译,中国对外翻译出版公司1994年版,页114、115等。
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[5] | The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947.
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[6] | The F ederal Food,Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.
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[7] | The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1958,SEC. 408。
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[8] | 同上注,SEC. 409 ( c) (3 ) (A)。
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[9] | 见H. R. Rep. No. 82 - 2356 [1952)。转引自Lars Noah & Richard A. Merrill,见前注[3],页338。
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[10] | The 1954 Miller Amendment.
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[11] | The Food Additive Amendment of 1958.
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[12] | 见《美国法典》第21编之376(b)(5)(B)(1982)。
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[13] | 同上注,360b(d) (1) (I) (1982) 。
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[14] | 见前注[7],SEC. 201(s)。
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[15] | The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 , SEC. 402 (b).
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[16] | 同上注,SEC. 405 (b)(2)。
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[17] | 《1996年食品质量保护法》的另一项核心内容是强化了对婴幼儿的保护。该法要求环保署署长根据婴幼儿特有的消费模式、极度的易受影响性和接触毒素的累积效果来考虑杀虫剂残留对它们所造成的风险。环保署署长必须确保存在合理的确定性,婴幼儿不会受到伤害。见前注[43],SEC. 405(b)(2)[C)。
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[18] | James Smart,见前注[36],页346、347 。
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[19] | 凯斯·R·桑斯坦,见前注[1],224、225 。
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[20] | H. W.刘易斯,见前注[4],页71。
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[21] | 凯斯·R·桑斯坦,见前注[1],页224。
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[22] | Scott Douglas Bauer,见前注[31],页1401-1409。
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[23] | Frank B. Cross,“The Consequences of Consensus:Dangerous Compromises of the Food QualityProtection Act”,75 Wash. U. L. Q.(Fall, 1997),p. 1180-1198。
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[24] | 见Erin E. Moran,“The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996:Does the Delaney Clause EffectivelyProtect Against Cancer or Is It Outdated Legislation?”,30 J. Marshall L. Rev.(Summer, 1997),p. 1150。
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[25] | 有关部门负责食品安全监管的一些政府官员在和笔者交谈中曾提到:我国消费者目前对食品安全期望值过高;大众媒体倾向于夸大食品安全问题的严重性;我国食品安全总体而言是提高了而不是降低了;没有绝对的食品安全,食品安全永远都是相对的等等。也有一些营养与食品卫生学方面的专家对食品安全问题持比较理性的看法,认为“对食品安全要求零危险性是不可能的,消费者要求高些是合情的,但只能是相对安全”,见http://www. ocan. com. cn/li/spaq. htm,访问时间2008年12月2日星期
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[26] | 见中华人民共和国卫生部2005年4月6日公布的《苏丹红危险性评估报告》。
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[27] | 参见Maurice H. Seevers, Perspective Versus Caprice in Evaluating Toxicity of Chemicals in Man, 153JAMA(1953),p. 1329,1331-32。
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[28] | Sherry Booth Mastrostefano, “The Delaney Clause:Still No‘De Mimmis'' Exception”,57 Geo. Wash.L. Rev.(MAY, 1989),注138。
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[29] | Food Additives: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-merce,85th Cong.,1 stand 2d Sess. 171(1958).
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[30] | 桑斯坦,见前注[1],页26、27 。
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[31] | 桑斯坦,见前注[1],页102。
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[32] | William H. Rodgers,Jr.,“The Seven StatutoryWonders of U. S. Environmental Law:Origins andMorphology”,27 Loy. L. A. L. Rev.(1994),p.1011,1018。
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[33] | Frederick H. Degnan&W. Gary Flamm,Living With and Reforming the Delaney Clause,50 Food& Drug L. J.(1995)。
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[34] | 关于对德莱尼条款的一般性批评,见Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues UnderlyingPesticide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovation, Board on Agriculture,National Research Council,NationalAcademy of Sciences:Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox,National Academy Press,Washing-ton, D. C.,1987;Douglas T. Sheehy,“A De Minimis Exception to the Delaney Clause: A Reassessment of Lesv. Reilly”,50 Food&Drug L. J. 275-79(1995);Amy Montemarano, Note,“The Delaney Paradox Resur-faces:Regulating Pesticides as Food Additives Under Federal Law”,25 Rutgers L. J.(Winter, 1994)。
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[35] | 见EPA, Regulation of Pesticides in Food: Addressing the Delaney Paradox Policy Statement, 53 Fed.Reg(1988) ;Richard A. Merrill,见前注[2],页26。
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[36] | 见前注[21],Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Agri-cultural Innovation, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences的报告,页37。
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[37] | 拉丁法谚,其完整形式是de minimis non curat lex,意为“法律不关心琐屑之事”,见《布莱克法律词典》,光明日报出版社1990年版,页431。
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[38] | Public Citizenv.Young, 831 F. 2d 1108(D. C. Cir. 1987),cert. denied, 485 U. S. 1006(1988).
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[39] | Alabama Power Co.v.Castle, 636 F. 2d 323 (D. C. Cir. 1979)。该案允许环保署依据《1977年清洁空气法修正案》颁布豁免琐屑违法行为的规章。
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[40] | 同上注,页360、361。
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[41] | 见前注[25],页1113。
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[42] | 见前注[25],页1118注13。
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[43] | 参见前注[21],Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Ag-ricultural Innovation, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences的报告。
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[44] | 同上注; Scott Douglas Bauer, The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996: Replacing Old Impracticalitieswith New Uncertainties in Pesticide Regulation, 75 N. C. L. Rev.(April, 1997),页1378、1379等。
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[45] | 见前注[21]。
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[46] | 参见前注[22],EPA的报告。
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[47] | Les v. Reilly. 968 F. 2d 985 (9th Cir. 1992).cert. denied sub nom.
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[48] | 同上注,页988。
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[49] | 参见James Smart, “All the Stars in the Heavens Were in the Right Places: The Passage of the FoodQuality Protection Act of 1996”,17 Stan. Envtl. L. J.(May, 1998 ) , p. 295,296 。
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[50] | Californiav.Reilly, 750 F. Supp. 433(E. D. Cal. 1990).
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[51] | Cal如rniav.Browner, No. Civ. S-89-0752,slip op.(E. D. Cal. Feb. 9,1995).
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[52] | James Smart,见前注[36],页322、323。
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[53] | 参见James Smart,见前注[36] ; Food Safety Amendments of 1989,S. 722,101st Cong。
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[54] | 参见James Smart,见前注[36]。
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[55] | 参见(美)保罗·斯洛维奇编著:《风险的感知》,赵延东等译,北京出版社2007年版,总序页1。
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[56] | 参见2007年11月26日至27日在北京举行的“国际食品安全高层论坛:加强全球食品安全”的《北京食品安全宣言》。
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