Ho P,Hossein A.Rangeland degradation in North China:Perceptions of pastoralists.Environmental Research,2010,110(3):302-307.
[2]
Faramarzi M,Kesting S,Isselstein J.Rangeland condition in relation to environmental variables,grazing intensity and livestock owners’ perceptions in semi-arid rangeland in western Iran.The Rangeland Journal,2010,32(4):367-377.
[3]
Tefera S,Snyman H A,Smit G N.Rangeland dynamics in southern Ethiopia:(1)botanical composition of grasses and soil characteristics in relation to land-use and distance from water in semi-arid borana rangelands.Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(2):429-442.
[4]
Li Y Q,Zhou X H,Brandle J R,Zhang T H,Chen Y P,Han J J.Temporal progress in improving carbon and nitrogen storage by grazing exclosure practice in a degraded land area of China’s Horqin Sandy Grassland.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2012,159(15):55-61.
[5]
Verdoodt A,Mureithi S M,Ye L M,Ranst E V.Chronosequence analysis of two enclosure management strategies in degraded rangeland of semi-arid Kenya.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,129(3):332-339.
[6]
McNaughton S J.Ecology of a grazing ecosystem:The Serengeti.Ecological Monographs,1985,55:259-295.
[7]
Holland E A,Parton W J,Detling J K,Coppock D L.Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and other consequences of ecosystem nutrient flow.American Naturalist,1992,140:685-706.
[8]
Keya G A.Herbaceous layer production and utilization by herbivores under different ecological conditions in an arid savanna of Kenya.Agriculture Ecosystem Environment,1998,69:55-67.
[9]
Armitage H F,Britton A J,van der Wal R,Woodin S J.Grazing exclusion and phosphorus addition as potential local management options for the restoration of alpine moss-sedge heath.Biological Conservation,2012,153:17-24.
Reeder J D,Schuman G E.Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands.Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):457-463.
Asefa D T,Oba G,Weladji R B,Colman J E.An assessment of restoration of biodiversity in degraded highmountain grazing lands in northern Ethiopia.Land Degraded Deviation,2003,14(1):25-38.
[16]
Collins S L,Bradford J A,Sims P L.Succession and fluctuation in artemisia dominated grassland.Vegetation,1988,73(2):89-99.
[17]
Abella S R.A systematic review of wild burro grazing effects on Mojave Desert vegetation,USA.Environmental Management,2008,41(6):809-819.
[18]
Abebe M H,Oba G,Angassa A,Weladji R B.The role of area enclosures and fallow age in the restoration of plant diversity in northern Ethiopia.African Journal of Ecology,2006,44(4):507-514.
Ellis J E,Swift D M.Stability of African pastoral ecosystem:Alternate paradigms and implications for development.Journal of Range Management,1988,41(6):450-459.
[22]
Greenwood K L,McKenzie B M.Grazing effects on soil physical properties and the consequences for pastures:A review.Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2001,41(8):1231-1250.
[23]
Monger H C,Bestelmeyer B T.The soil-geomorphic template and biotic change in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.Journal of Arid Environments,2006,65(2):207-218.
[24]
Schuman G E,Reeder J D,Manley J T,Hart R H,Manley W A.Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass rangeland.Journal of Ecology Applied,1999,9(1):65-71.
[25]
Raiesi F,Asadi E.Soil microbial activity and litter turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2006,43:76-82.
[26]
Gyami S,Stahl P D.Carbon accumulation and storage in semiarid sagebrush steppe:Effects of long-term grazing exclusion.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2008,125:173-181.
[27]
Greenwood K L,MacLeod D A.Soil water relations under grazed and ungrazed pasture.Mulvey P.Environmental Benefits of Soil Management.Brisbane:Australian Society of Soil Science,1998:469-472.
[28]
Sheeja G,Wright D L,Marois J J.Impact of grazing on soil properties and cotton yield in an integrated crop-livestock system.Soil and Tillage Research,2013,132:47-55.
[29]
Teague W R,Dowhower S L,Baker S A,Haile N,DeLaune P B,Conover D M.Grazing management impacts on vegetation,soil biota and soil chemical,physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2011,141:310-322.
[30]
Shi X M,Li X G,Li C T,Zhao Y,Shang Z H,Ma Q F.Grazing exclusion decreases soil organic C storage at an alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering,2013,57:183-187.
Damene S,Tamene L,Vlek P L G.Performance of exclosure in restoring soil fertility:A case of Gubalafto district in North Wello Zone,northern highlands of Ethiopia.Catena,2013,101:136-142.
[34]
Ruiz J M C,Aide T M.Restoration Success:How is it being measured.Restoration Ecology,2005,13(3):569-577.
Stuart W S,Charlotte V,Astley H,David J,Robin J P,van der Wal R,Sarah J W.Optimizing carbon storage within a spatially heterogeneous upland grassland through sheep grazing management.Ecosystems,2014,17(3):418-429.
[39]
Knapp K,Hoover D L,Blair J M,Buis G,Burkepile D E,Chamberlain A,Collins S L,Fynn R W S,Kirkman K P,Smith M D,Blake D,Govender N,O’Neal P,Schreck T,Zinn A.A test of two mechanisms proposed to optimize grassland aboveground primary productivity in response to grazing.Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,5(4):357-365.
Dregne H E.Degradation and restoration of arid lands.International centre for arid and semi-arid studies.Texas:Texas Technology University,1992.
[43]
Snyman H A.Revegetation of bare patches in a semi-arid rangeland of South Africa:An evaluation of various techniques.Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55(3):417-432.
[44]
Hobbs R J,Huenneke L F.Disturbance,diversity,and invasion:Implications for conservation.Conservation Biology,1992,6(3):324-337.
[45]
Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui J Y,Zhao W Z.Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China.Catena,2005,59(3):267-278.
[46]
Descheemaeker K,Muys B,Nyssen J,Poesen J,Raes D,Haile M,Deckers J.Litter production and organic matter accumulation in exclosures of the tigray highlands,Ethiopia.Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(1):21-35.
[47]
Mekuria W,Veldkamp E,Haile M,Nyssen J,Muys B,Gebrehiwot K.Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray,Ethiopia.Journal of Arid Environments,2007,69(2):270-284.
[48]
Peter D,Ralph B.Effects of exclosure and management on biomass and soil nutrient pools in seasonally dry high country.New Zealand Journal of Environmental Management,1997,51:169-186.
Belsky A J.Grassland structure and function:California annual grassland.Huenneke L F,Mooney H A,Junk W.Section of Ecology and Systematics.USA,Ithaca,N Y:Cornell University,1989:233-256.
[52]
Yang X H,Zhang K B,Hou R P.Impacts of exclusion on vegetative features and aboveground biomass in semi-arid degraded rangeland.Ecology and Environment,2005,14(5):730-734.
[53]
Altesor A,Oesterheld M,Leoni E,Lezama F,Rodriguez C.Effect of grazing on community structure and productivity of a Uruguayan grassland.Plant Ecology,2005,179(1):83-91.
[54]
Yayneshet T,Eik L O,Moe S R.The effects of exclosures in restoring degraded semi-arid vegetation in communal grazing lands in northern Ethiopia.Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73(3):542-549.
[55]
Descheemaeker K,Muys B,Nyssen J,Sauwens W,Haile M,Poesen J,Raes D,Deckers J.Humus from development during forest restoration in exclosures of the Tigray Highlands,Northern Ethiopia.Restoration Ecology,2009,17(2):280-289.
[56]
Schuman G E,Janzen H H,Herrick J E.Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands.Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):391-396.
[57]
任继周,侯扶江,胥刚.草原文化的保持与传承.草业科学,2010,27(12):5-10.
[58]
张国华.围封禁牧对鄂托克旗草地生物量和家畜饲养的影响.北京:中国农科院研究生院,2007.
[59]
Colvin A F,Walkden B S W,Knox M R.Role of host and environment inmediating reduced gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep due to intensive rotational grazing.Veterinary Parasitology,2012,184(3):180-192.
