34 Chen X, Hu Z P, Yang X X, et al. Monitoring of immune responses to a herbal immuno-modulator in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol, 2006, 6: 499-508
[7]
35 Ji Z, Tang Q, Zhang J, et al. Immunomodulation of bone marrow macrophages by GLIS, a proteoglycan fraction from Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidium (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. Int J Med Mushrooms, 2011, 13: 441-448
[8]
36 Tsai C C, Yang F L, Huang Z Y, et al. Oligosaccharide and peptidoglycan of Ganoderma lucidum activate the immune response in human mononuclear cells. J Agric Food Chem, 2012, 60: 2830-2837
[9]
37 Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum in cancer research. Leukemia Res, 2006, 30: 767-768
[10]
38 Wang S Y, Hsu M L, Hsu H C, et al. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer, 1997, 70: 699-705
[11]
39 Kimura Y, Taniguchi M, Baba K. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects on liver of triterpenoid fractions of Ganoderma lucidum: mechanism of action and isolation of an active substance. Anticancer Res, 2002, 22: 3309-3318
[12]
40 Cao Q Z, Lin Z B. Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2004, 25: 833-838
[13]
41 Li C H, Chen P Y, Chang U M, et al. Ganoderic acid X, a lanostanoid triterpene, inhibits topoisomerases and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Life Sci, 2005, 77: 252-265
[14]
42 Xu T, Beelman R B, Lambert J D. The cancer preventive effects of edible mushrooms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2012, 12: 1255-1263
[15]
43 Wu Q P, Xie Y Z, Deng Z, et al. Ergosterol peroxide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum abolishes microRNA miR-378-mediated tumor cells on chemoresistance. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7: e44579
[16]
44 Liu J, Shiono J, Shimizu K, et al. Ganoderic acid DM: anti-androgenic osteoclastogenesis inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2009, 19: 2154-2157
[17]
45 Zheng J, Yang B, Yu Y, et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides exert anti-hyperglycemic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through affecting beta-cells. Comb Chem High T Scr, 2012, 15: 542-550
[18]
46 Lee S Y, Rhee H M. Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action. Chem Pharm Bull, 1990, 38: 1359-1364
[19]
47 Hajjaj H, Mace C, Roberts M, et al. Effect of 26-oxygenosterols from Ganoderma lucidum and their activity as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005, 71: 3653-3658
[20]
48 Kim S D. Isolation and structure determination of a cholesterol esterase inhibitor from Ganoderma lucidum. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2010, 20: 1521-1523
[21]
49 Paterson R R M. Ganoderma--a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry, 2006, 67: 1985-2001
51 Ren A, Ouyang X, Shi L, et al. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of GlHMGS, a gene encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase from Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-zhi) in ganoderic acid biosynthesis pathway. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 29: 523
[24]
52 Shang C H, Zhu F, Li N, et al. Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase from Ganoderma lucidum and its functional identification in yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2008, 72: 1333-1339
[25]
53 Shi L, Qin L, Xu Y, et al. Molecular cloning, characterization, and function analysis of a mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene from Ganoderma lucidum. Mol Biol Rep, 2012, 39: 6149-6159
[26]
54 Ding Y X, Ou-Yang X, Shang C H, et al. Molecular cloning, characterization, and differential expression of a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase gene from the basidiomycetous fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2008, 72: 1571-1579
[27]
55 Zhao M W, Liang W Q, Zhang D B, et al. Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from Ganoderma lucidum. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2007, 17: 1106-1112
[28]
56 Shang C H, Shi L, Ren A, et al. Molecular cloning, characterization, and differential expression of a lanosterol synthase gene from Ganoderma lucidum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2010, 74: 974-978
[29]
57 Diamantopoulou P, Papanikolaou S, Kapoti M, et al. Mushroom polysaccharides and lipids synthesized in liquid agitated and static cultures. Part I: screening various mushroom species. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2012, 167: 536-551
[30]
58 Kurita T, Noda Y, Yoda K. Action of multiple endoplasmic reticulum chaperon-like proteins is required for proper folding and polarized localization of Kre6 protein essential in yeast cell wall beta-1,6-glucan synthesis. J Biol Chem, 2012, 287: 17415-17424
[31]
59 Lin Y L, Liang Y C, Tseng Y S, et al. An immunomodulatory protein, Ling Zhi-8, induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Leukocyte Biol, 2009, 86: 877-889
[32]
60 Wu C T, Lin T Y, Hsu H Y, et al. Ling Zhi-8 mediates p53-dependent growth arrest of lung cancer cells proliferation via the ribosomal protein S7-MDM2-p53 pathway. Carcinogenesis, 2011, 32: 1890-1896
[33]
61 Bayram O, Krappmann S, Ni M, et al. VelB/VeA/LaeA complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and secondary metabolism. Science, 2008, 320: 1504-1506
[34]
62 Bayram O S, Bayram O, Valerius O, et al. LaeA control of Velvet family regulatory proteins for light-dependent development and fungal cell-type specificity. PLoS Genet, 2010, 6: e1001226
[35]
63 Bayram O, Braus G H. Coordination of secondary metabolism and development in fungi: the Velvet family of regulatory proteins. Fems Microbiol Rev, 2012, 36: 1-24
[36]
64 Williams R B, Henrikson J C, Hoover A R, et al. Epigenetic remodeling of the fungal secondary metabolome. Org Biomol Chem, 2008, 6: 1895-1897
[37]
65 Shimamoto K, Kyozuka J. Rice as a model for comparative genomics of plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2002, 53: 399-419
[38]
66 Sun L, Cai H, Xu W, et al. Efficient transformation of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Plant Mol Biol Rep, 2001, 19: 383-384
68 Shi L, Fang X, Li M, et al. Development of a simple and efficient transformation system for the basidiomycetous medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 28: 283-291
70 Joo S S, Ryu I W, Park J K, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from Ganoderma lucidum, and its antioxidative properties. Mol Cells, 2008, 25: 112-118
[43]
71 Ornston L N, Yeh W K. Origins of metabolic diversity: evolutionary divergence by sequence repetition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1979, 76: 3996-4000
[44]
72 Yeh W K, Ornston L N. Origins of metabolic diversity: substitution of homologous sequences into genes for enzymes with different catalytic activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1980, 77: 5365-5369
[45]
73 Wilfried S. Metabolome diversity: too few genes, too many metabolites? Phytochemistry, 2003, 62: 837-849
[46]
74 Erich G. Plant metabolic diversity: a regulatory perspective. Trends Plant Sci, 2005, 10: 57-62
[47]
75 Kittendorf J D, Sherman D H. The methymycin/pikromycin pathway: a model for metabolic diversity in natural product biosynthesis. Bioorgan Med Chem, 2009, 17: 2137-2146
[48]
76 Agger S, Lopez-Gallego F, Schmidt-Dannert C. Diversity of sesquiterpene synthases in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mol Microbiol, 2009, 72: 1181-1195
[49]
77 Lopez-Gallego F, Agger S A, Abate-Pella D, et al. Sesquiterpene synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: catalytic promiscuity and cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate geometric isomers. Chembiochem, 2010, 11: 1093-1106
[50]
78 Wawrzyn G T, Quin M B, Choudhary S, et al. Draft genome of Omphalotus olearius provides a predictive framework for sesquiterpenoid natural product biosynthesis in Basidiomycota. Chem Biol, 2012, 19: 772-783
[51]
79 Li G, K?llner T G, Yin Y, et al. Nonseed plant Selaginella moellendorfii has both seed plant and microbial types of terpene synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2012, 109: 14711-14715
[52]
80 Nelson D, Werck-Reichhart D. A P450-centric view of plant evolution. Plant J, 2011, 66: 194-211
[53]
81 Keasling J D. Synthetic biology and the development of tools for metabolic engineering. Metab Eng, 2012, 14: 189-195
[54]
82 Chang M C, Eachus R A, Trieu W, et al. Engineering Escherichia coli for production of functionalized terpenoids using plant P450s. Nat Chem Biol, 2007, 3: 274-277
[55]
6 Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, et al. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev, 2007, 13: 265-301
[56]
7 Zhou X W, Su K Q, Zhang Y M. Applied modern biotechnology for cultivation of Ganoderma and development of their products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012, 93: 941-963
[57]
8 Chen S, Xu J, Liu C, et al. Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Nat Commun, 2012, 3: 913
[58]
9 Qian J, Xu H, Song J, et al. Genome-wide analysis of simple sequence repeats in the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Gene, 2013, 512: 331-336
[59]
10 林志彬. 灵芝的现代研究, 3版. 北京: 北京大学医学出版社, 2007. 25-198
[60]
11 Sanodiya B S, Thakur G S, Baghel R K, et al. Ganoderma lucidum: a potent pharmacological macrofungus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2009, 10: 717-742
[61]
12 Lee S C, Ni M, Li W, et al. The evolution of sex: a perspective from the fungal kingdom. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2010, 74: 298-340
[62]
13 Ni M, Feretzaki M, Sun S, et al. Sex in fungi. Annu Rev Genet, 2011, 45: 405-430
[63]
14 Raudaskoski M, Kothe E. Basidiomycete mating type genes and pheromone signaling. Eukaryot Cell, 2010, 9: 847-859
18 Montagnes D, Roberts E, Lukes J, et al. The rise of model protozoa. Trends Microbiol, 2012, 20: 184-191
[68]
19 Xu J W, Zhao W, Zhong J J. Biotechnological production and application of ganoderic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2010, 87: 457-466
[69]
20 Fang Q H, Zhong J J. Submerged fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum for production of valuable bioactive metabolites--ganoderic acid and polysaccharide. Biochem Eng J, 2002, 10: 61-65
[70]
21 Fang Q H, Zhong J J. Effect of initial pH on production of ganoderic acid and polysaccharide by submerged fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum. Process Biochem, 2002, 37: 769-774
[71]
22 Tang Y J, Zhong J J. Role of oxygen supply in submerged fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum for production of Ganoderma polysaccharide and ganoderic acid. Enzyme Microb Technol, 2003, 32: 478-484
[72]
23 Zhang W, Tang Y J. A novel three-stage light irradiation strategy in the submerged fermentation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum for the efficient production of ganoderic acid and Ganoderma polysaccharides. Biotechnol Prog, 2008, 24: 1249-1261
[73]
24 Gong H G, Zhong J J. Hydrodynamic shear stress affects cell growth and metabolite production by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Chin J Chem Eng, 2005, 13: 426-428
[74]
25 Liang C X, Li Y B, Xu J W, et al. Enhanced biosynthetic gene expressions and production of ganoderic acids in static liquid culture of Ganoderma lucidum under phenobarbital induction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2010, 86: 1367-1374
[75]
26 Zhu L W, Zhong J J, Tang Y J. Significance of fungal elicitors on the production of ganoderic acid and Ganoderma polysaccharides by the submerged culture of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Process Biochem, 2008, 43: 1359-1370
[76]
27 Zhang W X, Tang Y J, Zhong J J. Impact of oxygen level in gaseous phase on gene transcription and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma lucidum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2010, 33: 683-690
[77]
28 Wang J L, Gu T, Zhong J J. Enhanced recovery of antitumor ganoderic acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia by novel chemical conversion strategy. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2012, 109: 754-762
[78]
29 Xu Y N, Zhong J J. Impacts of calcium signal transduction on the fermentation production of antitumor ganoderic acids by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Adv, 2012, 30: 1301-1308
[79]
30 Xu J W, Xu Y N, Zhong J J. Enhancement of ganoderic acid accumulation by overexpression of an N-terminally truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase gene in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2012, 78: 7968-7976
[80]
31 Kino K, Mizumoto K, Sone T, et al. An immunomodulating protein, Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) prevents insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia, 1990, 33: 713-718
[81]
32 Lin Z B. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immuno-modulation by Ganoderma lucidum. J Pharmacol Sci, 2005, 99: 144-153
[82]
33 Gao Y, Tang W, Dai X, et al. Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J Med Food, 2005, 8: 159-168