1 Diaz S, Cabido M, Casanoves F. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale. J Veg Sci, 1998, 9: 113-122
[2]
2 Diaz S, Cabido M, Zak M, et al. Plant functional traits, ecosystem structure and land-use history along a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina. J Veg Sci, 1999, 10: 651-660
[3]
3 Weiher E, van der Werf A, Thompson K, et al. Challenging Theophrastus: a common core list of plant traits for functional ecology. J Veg Sci, 1999, 10: 609-620
[4]
4 Cornelissen J H C, Lavorel S, Garnier E, et al. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot, 2003, 51: 335-380
[5]
5 Reich P B, Wright I J, Cavender-Bares J, et al. The evolution of plant functional variation: traits, spectra, and strategies. Int J Plant Sci, 2003, 164: S143-S164
[6]
6 Lavorel S, Garnier E. Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Funct Ecol, 2002, 16: 545-556
[7]
7 Westoby M, Falster D S, Moles A T, et al. Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 2002, 33: 125-159
[8]
8 Wright S J, Kitajima K, Kraft N J B, et al. Functional traits and the growth-mortality trade-off in tropical trees. Ecology, 2010, 91: 3664-3674
[9]
9 Diaz S, Hodgson J G, Thompson K, et al. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. J Veg Sci, 2004, 15: 295-304
[10]
10 Westoby M, Wright I J. Land-plant ecology on the basis of functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol, 2006, 21: 261-268
[11]
11 Wright I J, Ackerly D D, Bongers F, et al. Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven Neotropical forests. Ann Bot, 2007, 99: 1003-1015
[12]
12 Wright I J, Reich P B, Westoby M, et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature, 2004, 428: 821-827
[13]
13 Reich P B, Oleksyn J. Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101: 11001-11006
[14]
14 Moles A T, Ackerly D D, Tweddle J C, et al. Global patterns in seed size. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 2007, 16: 109-116
[15]
15 Moles A T, Warton D I, Warman L, et al. Global patterns in plant height. J Ecol, 2009, 97: 923-932
[16]
16 Chave J, Coomes D, Jansen S, et al. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett, 2009, 12: 351-366
[17]
17 Westoby M. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil, 1998, 199: 213-227
[18]
18 Golodets C, Sternberg M, Kigel J. A community-level test of the leaf-height-seed ecology strategy scheme in relation to grazing conditions. J Veg Sci, 2009, 20: 392-402
[19]
19 Laughlin D C, Leppert J J, Moore M M, et al. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Funct Ecol, 2010, 24: 493-501
[20]
20 Moles A T, Falster D S, Leishman M R, et al. Small-seeded species produce more seeds per square metre of canopy per year, but not per individual per lifetime. J Ecol, 2004, 92: 384-396
[21]
21 Moles A T, Westoby M. Seed size and plant strategy across the whole life cycle. Oikos, 2006, 113: 91-105
[22]
22 Moles A T, Westoby M. Seedling survival and seed size: a synthesis of the literature. J Ecol, 2004, 92: 372-383
[23]
23 Poorter L, McDonald I, Alarcon A, et al. The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species. New Phytol, 2010, 185: 481-492
[24]
24 van Gelder H A, Poorter L, Sterck F J. Wood mechanics, allometry, and life-history variation in a tropical rain forest tree community. New Phytol, 2006, 171: 367-378
[25]
25 Swenson N G, Enquist B J. The relationship between stem and branch wood specific gravity and the ability of each measure to predict leaf area. Am J Bot, 2008, 95: 516-519
[26]
26 Poorter L, Wright S J, Paz H, et al. Are functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from five Neotropical forests. Ecology, 2008, 89: 1908-1920
[27]
27 Kraft N J B, Metz M R, Condit R S, et al. The relationship between wood density and mortality in a global tropical forest data set. New Phytol, 2010, 188: 1124-1136
[28]
28 Bolmgren K, Cowan P D. Time-size tradeoffs: a phylogenetic comparative study of flowering time, plant height and seed mass in a north-temperate flora. Oikos, 2008, 117: 424-429
[29]
29 Kushwaha C P, Tripathi S K, Singh K P. Tree specific traits affect flowering time in Indian dry tropical forest. Plant Ecol, 2011, 212: 985-998
[30]
30 Thuiller W, Lavorel S, Midgley G, et al. Relating plant traits and species distributions along bioclimatic gradients for 88 Leucadendron taxa. Ecology, 2004, 85: 1688-1699
[31]
31 Aerts R, Chapin F S. The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv Ecol Res, 2000, 30: 1-67
[32]
32 Wright I J, Reich P B, Cornelissen J H C, et al. Assessing the generality of global leaf trait relationships. New Phytol, 2005, 166: 485-496
[33]
33 Meng T T, Ni J, Harrison S P. Plant morphometric traits and climate gradients in northern China: a meta-analysis using quadrat and flora data. Ann Bot, 2009, 104: 1217-1229
[34]
34 Niinemets U. Global-scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology, 2001, 82: 453-469
[35]
35 Murray B R, Brown A H D, Dickman C R, et al. Geographical gradients in seed mass in relation to climate. J Biogeogr, 2004, 31: 379-388
[36]
36 Markesteijn L, Poorter L. Seedling root morphology and biomass allocation of 62 tropical tree species in relation to drought- and shade-tolerance. J Ecol, 2009, 97: 311-325
[37]
37 Poorter L, Markesteijn L. Seedling traits determine drought tolerance of tropical tree species. Biotropica, 2008, 40: 321-331
[38]
38 Fonseca C R, Overton J M, Collins B, et al. Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients. J Ecol, 2000, 88: 964-977
[39]
39 Maharjan S K, Poorter L, Holmgren M, et al. Plant functional traits and the distribution of West African rain forest trees along the rainfall gradient. Biotropica, 2011, 43: 552-561
[40]
40 Wright I J, Reich P B, Westoby M. Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high- and low-rainfall and high- and low-nutrient habitats. Funct Ecol, 2001, 15: 423-434
[41]
41 Santiago L S, Kitajima K, Wright S J, et al. Coordinated changes in photosynthesis, water relations and leaf nutritional traits of canopy trees along a precipitation gradient in lowland tropical forest. Oecologia, 2004, 139: 495-502
[42]
42 Niinemets U. The controversy over traits conferring shade-tolerance in trees: ontogenetic changes revisited. J Ecol, 2006, 94: 464-470
[43]
43 Rozendaal D M A, Hurtado V H, Poorter L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Funct Ecol, 2006, 20: 207-216
[44]
44 Sterck F J, Bongers F. Crown development in tropical rain forest trees: patterns with tree height and light availability. J Ecol, 2001, 89: 1-13
[45]
45 Poorter L, Bongers F, Sterck F J, et al. Architecture of 53 rain forest tree species differing in adult stature and shade tolerance. Ecology, 2003, 84: 602-608
[46]
46 Wright J P, Naeem S, Hector A, et al. Conventional functional classification schemes underestimate the relationship with ecosystem functioning. Ecol Lett, 2006, 9: 111-120
49 Chave J, Muller-Landau H C, Baker T R, et al. Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 Neotropical tree species. Ecol Appl, 2006, 16: 2356-2367
[50]
50 Cornwell W K, Schwilk D W, Ackerly D D. A trait-based test for habitat filtering: convex hull volume. Ecology, 2006, 87: 1465-1471
[51]
51 Cornwell W K, Ackerly D D. Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecol Monogr, 2009, 79: 109-126
[52]
52 Pellissier L, Fournier B, Guisan A, et al. Plant traits co-vary with altitude in grasslands and forests in the European Alps. Plant Ecol, 2010, 211: 351-365
[53]
53 Fisher J B, Goldstein G, Jones T J, et al. Wood vessel diameter is related to elevation and genotype in the Hawaiian tree Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae). Am J Bot, 2007, 94: 709-715
[54]
54 Craine J M, Lee W G. Covariation in leaf and root traits for native and non-native grasses along an altitudinal gradient in New Zealand. Oecologia, 2003, 134: 471-478
[55]
55 Hanba Y T, Noma N, Umeki K. Relationship between leaf characteristics, tree sizes and species distribution along a slope in a warm temperate forest. Ecol Res, 2000, 15: 393-403
[56]
56 Ackerly D D, Knight C A, Weiss S B, et al. Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat distribution of chaparral woody plants: contrasting patterns in species level and community level analyses. Oecologia, 2002, 130: 449-457
[57]
57 Ordonez J C, van Bodegom P M, Witte J P M, et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits, climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 2009, 18: 137-149
[58]
58 Bonser S P, Ladd B, Monro K, et al. The adaptive value of functional and life-history traits across fertility treatments in an annual plant. Ann Bot, 2010, 106: 979-988
[59]
59 Diaz S, Cabido M. Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol Evol, 2001, 16: 646-655
[60]
60 Petchey O L, Gaston K J. Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecol Lett, 2002, 5: 402-411
[61]
61 Villeger S, Mason N W H, Mouillot D. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 2008, 89: 2290-2301
[62]
62 Laliberte E, Legendre P. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology, 2010, 91: 299-305
64 Bohnke M, Krober W, Welk E, et al. Maintenance of constant functional diversity during secondary succession of a subtropical forest in China. J Veg Sci, 2014, 25: 897-911
[65]
65 Swenson N G, Enquist B J, Pither J, et al. The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 2012, 21: 798-808
[66]
68 Flynn D F B, Mirotchnick N, Jain M, et al. Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity-ecosystem-function relationships. Ecology, 2011, 92: 1573-1581
[67]
69 Flynn D F B, Gogol-Prokurat M, Nogeire T, et al. Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa. Ecol Lett, 2009, 12: 22-33
[68]
70 Ackerly D D, Cornwell W K. A trait-based approach to community assembly: partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components. Ecol Lett, 2007, 10: 135-145
[69]
71 Mouillot D, Mason N W H, Wilson J B. Is the abundance of species determined by their functional traits? A new method with a test using plant communities. Oecologia, 2007, 152: 729-737
[70]
72 Cingolani A M, Cabido M, Gurvich D E, et al. Filtering processes in the assembly of plant communities: are species presence and abundance driven by the same traits? J Veg Sci, 2007, 18: 911-920
[71]
73 Kraft N J B, Valencia R, Ackerly D D. Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an amazonian forest. Science, 2008, 322: 580-582
[72]
74 Kraft N J B, Ackerly D D. Functional trait and phylogenetic tests of community assembly across spatial scales in an Amazonian forest. Ecol Monogr, 2010, 80: 401-422
[73]
75 Lebrija-Trejos E, Perez-Garcia E A, Meave J A, et al. Functional traits and environmental filtering drive community assembly in a species-rich tropical system. Ecology, 2010, 91: 386-398
[74]
76 Liu X J, Swenson N G, Zhang J L, et al. The environment and space, not phylogeny, determine trait dispersion in a subtropical forest. Funct Ecol, 2013, 27: 264-272
[75]
77 Adler P B, Fajardo A, Kleinhesselink A R, et al. Trait-based tests of coexistence mechanisms. Ecol Lett, 2013, 16: 1294-1306
[76]
78 Swenson N G, Enquist B J. Opposing assembly mechanisms in a Neotropical dry forest: implications for phylogenetic and functional community ecology. Ecology, 2009, 90: 2161-2170
[77]
79 Paine C E T, Baraloto C, Chave J, et al. Functional traits of individual trees reveal ecological constraints on community assembly in tropical rain forests. Oikos, 2011, 120: 720-727
[78]
80 Enquist B J, Kerkhoff A J, Stark S C, et al. A general integrative model for scaling plant growth, carbon flux, and functional trait spectra. Nature, 2007, 449: 218-222
[79]
81 Ruger N, Wirth C, Wright S J, et al. Functional traits explain light and size response of growth rates in tropical tree species. Ecology, 2012, 93: 2626-2636
[80]
82 Sterck F J, Martinez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, et al. Understanding trait interactions and their impacts on growth in Scots pine branches across Europe. Funct Ecol, 2012, 26: 541-549
[81]
83 Herault B, Bachelot B, Poorter L, et al. Functional traits shape ontogenetic growth trajectories of rain forest tree species. J Ecol, 2011, 99: 1431-1440
[82]
84 Martinez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Vayreda J, et al. Interspecific variation in functional traits, not climatic differences among species ranges, determines demographic rates across 44 temperate and Mediterranean tree species. J Ecol, 2010, 98: 1462-1475
[83]
85 Cavender-Bares J, Kozak K H, Fine P V A, et al. The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology. Ecol Lett, 2009, 12: 693-715
[84]
86 McGill B J, Enquist B J, Weiher E, et al. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol, 2006, 21: 178-185
[85]
87 Webb C O. Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat, 2000, 156: 145-155
[86]
66 Albert C H, de Bello F, Boulangeat I, et al. On the importance of intraspecific variability for the quantification of functional diversity. Oikos, 2012, 121: 116-126
[87]
67 Conti G, Diaz S. Plant functional diversity and carbon storage—an empirical test in semi-arid forest ecosystems. J Ecol, 2013, 101: 18-28
[88]
88 Cavender-Bares J, Ackerly D D, Baum D A, et al. Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. Am Nat, 2004, 163: 823-843
[89]
89 Losos J B. Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecol Lett, 2008, 11: 995-1003
[90]
90 Uriarte M, Swenson N G, Chazdon R L, et al. Trait similarity, shared ancestry and the structure of neighbourhood interactions in a subtropical wet forest: implications for community assembly. Ecol Lett, 2010, 13: 1503-1514
[91]
91 Hardy O J, Couteron P, Munoz F, et al. Phylogenetic turnover in tropical tree communities: impact of environmental filtering, biogeography and mesoclimatic niche conservatism. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 2012, 21: 1007-1016
[92]
92 Cadotte M W, Cavender-Bares J, Tilman D, et al. Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One, 2009, 4: e5695
[93]
93 Mayfield M M, Levine J M. Opposing effects of competitive exclusion on the phylogenetic structure of communities. Ecol Lett, 2010, 13: 1085-1093
[94]
94 Felsenstein J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat, 1985, 125: 1-15
[95]
95 Prinzing A, Reiffers R, Braakhekke W G, et al. Less lineages—more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverse. Ecol Lett, 2008, 11: 809-819
[96]
96 Baraloto C, Hardy O J, Paine C E T, et al. Using functional traits and phylogenetic trees to examine the assembly of tropical tree communities. J Ecol, 2012, 100: 690-701
[97]
97 Pavoine S, Vela E, Gachet S, et al. Linking patterns in phylogeny, traits, abiotic variables and space: a novel approach to linking environmental filtering and plant community assembly. J Ecol, 2011, 99: 165-175
[98]
98 Petchey O L, Gaston K J. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecol Lett, 2006, 9: 741-758
[99]
99 Roscher C, Schumacher J, Lipowsky A, et al. A functional trait-based approach to understand community assembly and diversity-productivity relationships over 7 years in experimental grasslands. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst, 2013, 15: 139-149
[100]
100 Roscher C, Schumacher J, Gubsch M, et al. Using plant functional traits to explain diversity-productivity relationships. PLoS One, 2012, 7: e36760
[101]
101 Reich P B, Tilman D, Naeem S, et al. Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO2 and N. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101: 10101-10106
103 Mouillot D, Villeger S, Scherer-Lorenzen M, et al. Functional structure of biological communities predicts ecosystem multifunctionality. PLoS One, 2011, 6: e17476
[104]
104 Grigulis K, Lavorel S, Krainer U, et al. Relative contributions of plant traits and soil microbial properties to mountain grassland ecosystem services. J Ecol, 2013, 101: 47-57
[105]
105 Ruiz-Jaen M C, Potvin C. Can we predict carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems from tree diversity? Comparing species and functional diversity in a plantation and a natural forest. New Phytol, 2011, 189: 978-987
[106]
106 de Bello F, Lavorel S, Diaz S, et al. Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodivers Conserv, 2010, 19: 2873-2893
[107]
107 Mouillot D, Graham N A J, Villeger S, et al. A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends Ecol Evol, 2013, 28: 167-177
[108]
108 Diaz S, Noy-Meir I, Cabido M. Can grazing response of herbaceous plants be predicted from simple vegetative traits? J Appl Ecol, 2001, 38: 497-508
[109]
109 Noy-Meir I, Kaplan D. Species richness of annual legumes in relation to grazing in Mediterranean vegetation in northern Israel. Israel J Plant Sci, 2002, 50: S95-S109
[110]
110 Briggs J M, Knapp A K, Brock B L. Expansion of woody plants in tallgrass prairie: a fifteen-year study of fire and fire-grazing interactions. Am Midl Nat, 2002, 147: 287-294
[111]
111 Heisler J L, Briggs J M, Knapp A K. Long-term patterns of shrub expansion in a C4-dominated grassland: fire frequency and the dynamics of shrub cover and abundance. Am J Bot, 2003, 90: 423-428
[112]
112 Spasojevic M J, Aicher R J, Koch G R, et al. Fire and grazing in a mesic tallgrass prairie: impacts on plant species and functional traits. Ecology, 2010, 91: 1651-1659
[113]
113 Pausas J G, Bradstock R A, Keith D A, et al. Plant functional traits in relation to fire in crown-fire ecosystems. Ecology, 2004, 85: 1085-1100
[114]
114 Louault F, Pillar V D, Aufrere J, et al. Plant traits and functional types in response to reduced disturbance in a semi-natural grassland. J Veg Sci, 2005, 16: 151-160
[115]
115 Diaz S, Lavorel S, McIntyre S, et al. Plant trait responses to grazing—a global synthesis. Global Change Biol, 2007, 13: 313-341
[116]
116 Bruno J F, Stachowicz J J, Bertness M D. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol Evol, 2003, 18: 119-125
[117]
117 Mack R N, Simberloff D, Lonsdale W M, et al. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl, 2000, 10: 689-710
[118]
118 Davis M A, Grime J P, Thompson K. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. J Ecol, 2000, 88: 528-534
[119]
119 Levine J M, D’Antonio C M. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos, 1999, 87: 15-26
[120]
120 Kolar C S, Lodge D M. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends Ecol Evol, 2001, 16: 199-204
[121]
121 Grotkopp E, Rejmanek M, Rost T L. Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species. Am Nat, 2002, 159: 396-419
[122]
122 van Kleunen M, Richardson D M. Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species traits and extinction risk and invasiveness. Prog Phys Geog, 2007, 31: 447-450
[123]
123 Daehler C C. Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, 2003, 34: 183-211
[124]
124 Chrobock T, Kempel A, Fischer M, et al. Introduction bias: cultivated alien plant species germinate faster and more abundantly than native species in Switzerland. Basic Appl Ecol, 2011, 12: 244-250
[125]
125 Lamarque L J, Delzon S, Lortie C J. Tree invasions: a comparative test of the dominant hypotheses and functional traits. Biol Invasions, 2011, 13: 1969-1989
[126]
126 van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M. A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecol Lett, 2010, 13: 235-245
[127]
127 Knapp S, Kuehn I. Origin matters: widely distributed native and non-native species benefit from different functional traits. Ecol Lett, 2012, 15: 696-703
[128]
128 Bernhardt-Roemermann M, Gray A, Vanbergen A J, et al. Functional traits and local environment predict vegetation responses to disturbance: a pan-European multi-site experiment. J Ecol, 2011, 99: 777-787
