| [1] | Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR (2012) Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat Med 18: 1028–1040. doi: 10.1038/nm.2807. pmid:22772564
|
| [2] | Balloch EA (1893) Relative frequency of fibroid processes in the dark skinned races. News XLVI: 29–35.
|
| [3] | Rosser C (1925) Rectal pathology in the Negro. J Am Med Assoc LXXXIV: 93–97.
|
| [4] | Rosser C (1923) Proctologic peculiarities of the Negro: the fibroplastic diathesis.Am J Surg 37: 265.
|
| [5] | Moehlig RC (1937) The mesoderm of the negro. Amer J of Phys Anthropol XXII: 297–314. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330220208
|
| [6] | Polednak AP (1974) Connective tissue responses in Negroes in relation to disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 41: 49–57. pmid:4601999 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330410107
|
| [7] | Polednak AP (1987) Connective tissue responses in blacks in relation to disease: further observations. Am J Phys Anthropol 74: 357–371. pmid:3322033 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330740308
|
| [8] | Polednak AP (1989) Various chronic disorders and other conditions. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York: Oxford University press. pp. 228–229, 246–247.
|
| [9] | Niessen FB, Spauwen PH, Schalkwijk J, Kon M (1999) On the nature of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a review. Plast Reconstr Surg 104: 1435–1458. pmid:10513931 doi: 10.1097/00006534-199910000-00031
|
| [10] | Racette L, Wilson MR, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Sample PA (2003) Primary open-angle glaucoma in blacks: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 48: 295–313. pmid:12745004 doi: 10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00028-6
|
| [11] | Morris DA, Peracha MO, Shin DH, Kim C, Cha SC, et al. (1999) Risk factors for early filtration failure requiring suture release after primary glaucoma triple procedure with adjunctive mitomycin. Arch Ophthalmol 117: 1149–1154. pmid:10496386 doi: 10.1001/archopht.117.9.1149
|
| [12] | Dustan HP (1992) Growth factors and racial differences in severity of hypertension and renal diseases. Lancet 339: 1339–1340. pmid:1350001 doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91971-a
|
| [13] | Suthanthiran M, Li B, Song JO, Ding R, Sharma VK, et al. (2000) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 hyperexpression in African-American hypertensives: A novel mediator of hypertension and/or target organ damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 3479–3484. pmid:10725360 doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3479
|
| [14] | August P, Suthanthiran M (2003) Transforming growth factor beta and progression of renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl: S99–104. pmid:14531781 doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.64.s87.15.x
|
| [15] | Mayes MD, Lacey JV Jr., Beebe-Dimmer J, Gillespie BW, Cooper B, et al. (2003) Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population. Arthritis Rheum 48: 2246–2255. pmid:12905479 doi: 10.1002/art.11073
|
| [16] | Rybicki BA, Maliarik MJ, Major M, Popovich J Jr., Iannuzzi MC (1998) Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect 13: 166–173. pmid:9764947
|
| [17] | Flake GP, Andersen J, Dixon D (2003) Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: a review. Environ Health Perspect 111: 1037–1054. pmid:12826476 doi: 10.1289/ehp.5787
|
| [18] | Nickel R, Beck LA, Stellato C, Schleimer RP (1999) Chemokines and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104: 723–742. pmid:10518815 doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70281-2
|
| [19] | Barnes KC, Grant AV, Hansel NN, Gao P, Dunston GM (2007) African Americans with asthma: genetic insights. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4: 58–68. pmid:17202293 doi: 10.1513/pats.200607-146jg
|
| [20] | Newth CJ, Meert KL, Clark AE, Moler FW, Zuppa AF, et al. (2012) Fatal and Near-Fatal Asthma in Children: The Critical Care Perspective. J Pediatr 161: 214–221.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.041. pmid:22494876
|
| [21] | Lester LA, Rich SS, Blumenthal MN, Togias A, Murphy S, et al. (2001) Ethnic differences in asthma and associated phenotypes: collaborative study on the genetics of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108: 357–362. pmid:11544453 doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.117796
|
| [22] | Prisant LM, Loebl DH, Mulloy LL (2003) Scleroderma renal crisis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 5: 168–170, 176. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.01928.x
|
| [23] | Swigris JJ, Olson AL, Huie TJ, Fernandez-Perez ER, Solomon J, et al. (2011) Sarcoidosis-related mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183: 1524–1530. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1679OC. pmid:21330454
|
| [24] | Arrindell S, Russell SB (2009) Genetics of Skin Diseases. In: Kelly PA, Taylor SC, editors. Dermatology for Skin of Color: McGraw Hill. pp. 96–104.
|
| [25] | Smith JC, Boone BE, Opalenik SR, Williams SM, Russell SB (2008) Gene profiling of keloid fibroblasts shows altered expression in multiple fibrosis-associated pathways. J Invest Dermatol 128: 1298–1310. pmid:17989729 doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701149
|
| [26] | Dustan HP (1995) Does keloid pathogenesis hold the key to understanding black/white differences in hypertension severity? Hypertension 26: 858–862. pmid:7490140 doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.26.6.858
|
| [27] | Freedman BI, Morrow MA, Tuttle AB, Igwemezie BM, Rich SS, et al. (1998) Keloids and end-stage renal disease. Nephron 80: 244–246. pmid:9736834 doi: 10.1159/000045181
|
| [28] | Shriver MD, Stroup B, and Thompson P. (1997) Genetic factors common to keloids and hypertension. Am J Hum Gen 61: A321.
|
| [29] | August P, Leventhal B, Suthanthiran M (2000) Hypertension-induced organ damage in African Americans: transforming growth factor-beta(1) excess as a mechanism for increased prevalence. Curr Hypertens Rep 2: 184–191. pmid:10981147 doi: 10.1007/s11906-000-0080-5
|
| [30] | Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL (1986) Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 136: 2348–2357. pmid:2419430
|
| [31] | Wynn TA, Cheever AW, Jankovic D, Poindexter RW, Caspar P, et al. (1995) An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection. Nature 376: 594–596. pmid:7637808 doi: 10.1038/376594a0
|
| [32] | Shi Z, Wakil AE, Rockey DC (1997) Strain-specific differences in mouse hepatic wound healing are mediated by divergent T helper cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 10663–10668. pmid:9380692 doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10663
|
| [33] | Reiner SL, Locksley RM (1995) The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu Rev Immunol 13: 151–177. pmid:7612219 doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055
|
| [34] | Hoffmann KF, James SL, Cheever AW, Wynn TA (1999) Studies with double cytokine-deficient mice reveal that highly polarized Th1- and Th2-type cytokine and antibody responses contribute equally to vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 163: 927–938. pmid:10395689
|
| [35] | Hoffmann KF, McCarty TC, Segal DH, Chiaramonte M, Hesse M, et al. (2001) Disease fingerprinting with cDNA microarrays reveals distinct gene expression profiles in lethal type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory reactions. Faseb J 15: 2545–2547. pmid:11641263 doi: 10.1096/fj.01-0306fje
|
| [36] | Sandler NG, Mentink-Kane MM, Cheever AW, Wynn TA (2003) Global gene expression profiles during acute pathogen-induced pulmonary inflammation reveal divergent roles for Th1 and Th2 responses in tissue repair. J Immunol 171: 3655–3667. pmid:14500663 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3655
|
| [37] | Wynn TA (2004) Fibrotic disease and the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm. Nat Rev Immunol 4: 583–594. pmid:15286725 doi: 10.1038/nri1412
|
| [38] | Sime PJ, O'Reilly KM (2001) Fibrosis of the lung and other tissues: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Clin Immunol 99: 308–319. pmid:11358425 doi: 10.1006/clim.2001.5008
|
| [39] | Postlethwaite AE, Holness MA, Katai H, Raghow R (1992) Human fibroblasts synthesize elevated levels of extracellular matrix proteins in response to interleukin 4. J Clin Invest 90: 1479–1485. pmid:1401080 doi: 10.1172/jci116015
|
| [40] | Oriente A, Fedarko NS, Pacocha SE, Huang SK, Lichtenstein LM, et al. (2000) Interleukin-13 modulates collagen homeostasis in human skin and keloid fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292: 988–994. pmid:10688614
|
| [41] | Atamas SP, White B (2003) Cytokine regulation of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14: 537–550. pmid:14563355 doi: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00060-1
|
| [42] | Kaufman J, Sime PJ, Phipps RP (2004) Expression of CD154 (CD40 ligand) by human lung fibroblasts: differential regulation by IFN-gamma and IL-13, and implications for fibrosis. J Immunol 172: 1862–1871. pmid:14734771 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1862
|
| [43] | Jinnin M, Ihn H, Yamane K, Tamaki K (2004) Interleukin-13 stimulates the transcription of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene in human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 279: 41783–41791. pmid:15271999 doi: 10.1074/jbc.m406951200
|
| [44] | Shao DD, Suresh R, Vakil V, Gomer RH, Pilling D (2008) Pivotal Advance: Th-1 cytokines inhibit, and Th-2 cytokines promote fibrocyte differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 83: 1323–1333. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1107782. pmid:18332234
|
| [45] | Murray LA, Argentieri RL, Farrell FX, Bracht M, Sheng H, et al. (2008) Hyper-responsiveness of IPF/UIP fibroblasts: interplay between TGFbeta1, IL-13 and CCL2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40: 2174–2182. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.016. pmid:18395486
|
| [46] | Park SW, Ahn MH, Jang HK, Jang AS, Kim DJ, et al. (2009) Interleukin-13 and its receptors in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: clinical implications for lung function. J Korean Med Sci 24: 614–620. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.4.614. pmid:19654941
|
| [47] | de Jesus AR, Magalhaes A, Miranda DG, Miranda RG, Araujo MI, et al. (2004) Association of type 2 cytokines with hepatic fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infect Immun 72: 3391–3397. pmid:15155645 doi: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3391-3397.2004
|
| [48] | Weng HL, Liu Y, Chen JL, Huang T, Xu LJ, et al. (2009) The etiology of liver damage imparts cytokines transforming growth factor beta1 or interleukin-13 as driving forces in fibrogenesis. Hepatology 50: 230–243. doi: 10.1002/hep.22934. pmid:19441105
|
| [49] | McCauley RL, Chopra V, Li YY, Herndon DN, Robson MC (1992) Altered cytokine production in black patients with keloids. J Clin Immunol 12: 300–308. pmid:1512303 doi: 10.1007/bf00918154
|
| [50] | Diehl S, Rincon M (2002) The two faces of IL-6 on Th1/Th2 differentiation. Mol Immunol 39: 531–536. pmid:12431386 doi: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00210-9
|
| [51] | Smith CJ, Smith JC, Finn MC (1987) The possible role of mast cells (allergy) in the production of keloid and hypertrophic scarring. J Burn Care Rehabil 8: 126–131. pmid:3647037 doi: 10.1097/00004630-198703000-00008
|
| [52] | Yamada H, Tajima S, Nishikawa T, Murad S, Pinnell SR (1994) Tranilast, a selective inhibitor of collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts. J Biochem (Tokyo) 116: 892–897.
|
| [53] | Suzawa H, Ichikawa K, Kikuchi S, Yamada K, Tsuchiya O, et al. (1992) [Effect of tranilast, an anti-allergic drug, on carrageenin-induced granulation and capillary permeability in rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 99: 241–246. pmid:1376712 doi: 10.1254/fpj.99.241
|
| [54] | Placik OJ, Lewis VL Jr. (1992) Immunologic associations of keloids. Surg Gynecol Obstet 175: 185–193. pmid:1636146
|
| [55] | Mavalia C, Scaletti C, Romagnani P, Carossino AM, Pignone A, et al. (1997) Type 2 helper T-cell predominance and high CD30 expression in systemic sclerosis. Am J Pathol 151: 1751–1758. pmid:9403725
|
| [56] | Salmon-Ehr V, Serpier H, Nawrocki B, Gillery P, Clavel C, et al. (1996) Expression of interleukin-4 in scleroderma skin specimens and scleroderma fibroblast cultures. Potential role in fibrosis. Arch Dermatol 132: 802–806. pmid:8678573 doi: 10.1001/archderm.1996.03890310088013
|
| [57] | Chiaramonte MG, Mentink-Kane M, Jacobson BA, Cheever AW, Whitters MJ, et al. (2003) Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 during a T helper cell type 2-dominant immune response. J Exp Med 197: 687–701. pmid:12642601 doi: 10.1084/jem.20020903
|
| [58] | Mentink-Kane MM, Cheever AW, Thompson RW, Hari DM, Kabatereine NB, et al. (2004) IL-13 receptor alpha 2 down-modulates granulomatous inflammation and prolongs host survival in schistosomiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 586–590. pmid:14699044 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0305064101
|
| [59] | Granel B, Allanore Y, Chevillard C, Arnaud V, Marquet S, et al. (2006) IL13RA2 gene polymorphisms are associated with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 33: 2015–2019. pmid:16981293
|
| [60] | Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, et al. (2008) Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 118: 1311–1321. doi: 10.1172/JCI34261. pmid:18382743
|
| [61] | Diaz A, Allen JE (2007) Mapping immune response profiles: the emerging scenario from helminth immunology. Eur J Immunol 37: 3319–3326. pmid:18000958 doi: 10.1002/eji.200737765
|
| [62] | Allen JE, Maizels RM (2011) Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths. Nat Rev Immunol 11: 375–388. doi: 10.1038/nri2992. pmid:21610741
|
| [63] | Fumagalli M, Pozzoli U, Cagliani R, Comi GP, Bresolin N, et al. (2010) The landscape of human genes involved in the immune response to parasitic worms. BMC Evol Biol 10: 264. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-264. pmid:20807397
|
| [64] | Allen JE, Wynn TA (2011) Evolution of Th2 immunity: a rapid repair response to tissue destructive pathogens. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002003. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002003. pmid:21589896
|
| [65] | Smits HH, Everts B, Hartgers FC, Yazdanbakhsh M (2010) Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 10: 3–12. doi: 10.1007/s11882-009-0085-3. pmid:20425508
|
| [66] | Walsh KP, Brady MT, Finlay CM, Boon L, Mills KH (2009) Infection with a helminth parasite attenuates autoimmunity through TGF-beta-mediated suppression of Th17 and Th1 responses. J Immunol 183: 1577–1586. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803803. pmid:19587018
|
| [67] | Hartmann W, Haben I, Fleischer B, Breloer M (2011) Pathogenic nematodes suppress humoral responses to third-party antigens in vivo by IL-10-mediated interference with Th cell function. J Immunol 187: 4088–4099. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004136. pmid:21900178
|
| [68] | Hoffmann KF, Cheever AW, Wynn TA (2000) IL-10 and the dangers of immune polarization: excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses induce distinct forms of lethal immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis. J Immunol 164: 6406–6416. pmid:10843696 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6406
|
| [69] | Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R (2002) Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296: 490–494. pmid:11964470 doi: 10.1126/science.296.5567.490
|
| [70] | Quinnell RJ (2003) Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection. Int J Parasitol 33: 1219–1231. pmid:13678637 doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00175-9
|
| [71] | Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M (2003) Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 733–744. pmid:12949497 doi: 10.1038/nri1183
|
| [72] | Le Souef PN, Goldblatt J, Lynch NR (2000) Evolutionary adaptation of inflammatory immune responses in human beings. Lancet 356: 242–244. pmid:10963213 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02491-0
|
| [73] | Elliott DE, Weinstock JV Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1247: 83–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06292.x. pmid:22239614
|
| [74] | Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M (2008) T-cell regulation in helminth parasite infections: implications for inflammatory diseases. Chem Immunol Allergy 94: 112–123. doi: 10.1159/000154944. pmid:18802342
|
| [75] | Flohr C, Quinnell RJ, Britton J (2009) Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease? Clin Exp Allergy 39: 20–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03134.x. pmid:19128351
|
| [76] | Masters S, Barrett-Connor E (1985) Parasites and asthma—predictive or protective? Epidemiol Rev 7: 49–58. pmid:4054238
|
| [77] | Gold DR, Wright R (2005) Population disparities in asthma. Annu Rev Public Health 26: 89–113. pmid:15760282 doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144528
|
| [78] | Nelson DA, Johnson CC, Divine GW, Strauchman C, Joseph CL, et al. (1997) Ethnic differences in the prevalence of asthma in middle class children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 78: 21–26. pmid:9012615 doi: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63365-0
|
| [79] | Grundbacher FJ, Massie FS (1985) Levels of immunoglobulin G, M, A, and E at various ages in allergic and nonallergic black and white individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 75: 651–658. pmid:4008794 doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90089-2
|
| [80] | Vergara C, Murray T, Rafaels N, Lewis R, Campbell M, et al. (2013) African ancestry is a risk factor for asthma and high total IgE levels in African admixed populations. Genet Epidemiol 37: 393–401. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21702. pmid:23554133
|
| [81] | D'Elia R, Behnke JM, Bradley JE, Else KJ (2009) Regulatory T cells: a role in the control of helminth-driven intestinal pathology and worm survival. J Immunol 182: 2340–2348. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802767. pmid:19201888
|
| [82] | Hopkin J (2009) Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links. Parasite Immunol 31: 267–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x. pmid:19388947
|
| [83] | Barnes KC, Grant AV, Gao P (2005) A review of the genetic epidemiology of resistance to parasitic disease and atopic asthma: common variants for common phenotypes? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5: 379–385. pmid:16131910 doi: 10.1097/01.all.0000182543.37724.7b
|
| [84] | Moller M, Gravenor MB, Roberts SE, Sun D, Gao P, et al. (2007) Genetic haplotypes of Th-2 immune signalling link allergy to enhanced protection to parasitic worms. Hum Mol Genet 16: 1828–1836. pmid:17519224 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddm131
|
| [85] | Holgate ST (2012) Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma. Nat Med 18: 673–683. doi: 10.1038/nm.2731. pmid:22561831
|
| [86] | Shifren A, Witt C, Christie C, Castro M (2012) Mechanisms of remodeling in asthmatic airways. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012: 316049. doi: 10.1155/2012/316049
|
| [87] | Smillie WG, Augustine DL (1925) Intensity of hookworm infestation in Alabama. Its relationship to residence, occupation, age, sex and race. J Am Med Assoc 85: 1958–1963. doi: 10.1001/jama.1925.02670250032009
|
| [88] | Keller AE, Leather WS, Knox JC,. (1937) The present status of hookworm infestation in North Carolina. Am J Hyg 26: 437–454.
|
| [89] | Coelho PRP, McGuire RA (2006) Racial differences in disease susceptibilities: intestinal worm infection in the early twentieth-century American south. Soc Hist Med 19: 461–482. doi: 10.1093/shm/hkl047
|
| [90] | Williams-Blangero S, Subedi J, Upadhayay RP, Manral DB, Rai DR, et al. (1999) Genetic analysis of susceptibility to infection with Ascaris lumbricoides. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 921–926. pmid:10403321
|
| [91] | Abel L, Demenais F, Prata A, Souza AE, Dessein A (1991) Evidence for the segregation of a major gene in human susceptibility/resistance to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Hum Genet 48: 959–970. pmid:1902058
|
| [92] | Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, Dessein H, Kalil J, et al. (1996) Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33. Nat Genet 14: 181–184. pmid:8841190 doi: 10.1038/ng1096-181
|
| [93] | Muller-Myhsok B, Stelma FF, Guisse-Sow F, Muntau B, Thye T, et al. (1997) Further evidence suggesting the presence of a locus, on human chromosome 5q31-q33, influencing the intensity of infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Hum Genet 61: 452–454. pmid:9311752 doi: 10.1086/524851
|
| [94] | Kouriba B, Chevillard C, Bream JH, Argiro L, Dessein H, et al. (2005) Analysis of the 5q31-q33 locus shows an association between IL13-1055C/T IL-13-591A/G polymorphisms and Schistosoma haematobium infections. J Immunol 174: 6274–6281. pmid:15879126 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6274
|
| [95] | Cameron L, Webster RB, Strempel JM, Kiesler P, Kabesch M, et al. (2006) Th2 cell-selective enhancement of human IL13 transcription by IL13-1112C>T, a polymorphism associated with allergic inflammation. J Immunol 177: 8633–8642. pmid:17142763 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8633
|
| [96] | van der Pouw Kraan TC, van Veen A, Boeije LC, van Tuyl SA, de Groot ER, et al. (1999) An IL-13 promoter polymorphism associated with increased risk of allergic asthma. Genes Immun 1: 61–65. pmid:11197307 doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363630
|
| [97] | Gatlin MR, Black CL, Mwinzi PN, Secor WE, Karanja DM, et al. (2009) Association of the gene polymorphisms IFN-gamma +874, IL-13–1055 and IL-4–590 with patterns of reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000375. pmid:19190772
|
| [98] | He H, Isnard A, Kouriba B, Cabantous S, Dessein A, et al. (2008) A STAT6 gene polymorphism is associated with high infection levels in urinary schistosomiasis. Genes Immun 9: 195–206. doi: 10.1038/gene.2008.2. pmid:18273035
|
| [99] | Bethony JM, Quinnell RJ (2008) Genetic epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 108: 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.11.008. pmid:18207118
|
| [100] | Prata A (1992) Influence of the host related factors in the development of the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 Suppl 4: 39–44. pmid:1343924 doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761992000800005
|
| [101] | Bina JC, Tavares-Neto J, Prata A, Azevedo ES (1978) Greater resistance to the development of severe schistosomiasis in Brazilian negroes. Hum Biol 50: 41–49. pmid:649103
|
| [102] | Mwatha JK, Kimani G, Kamau T, Mbugua GG, Ouma JH, et al. (1998) High levels of TNF, soluble TNF receptors, soluble ICAM-1, and IFN-gamma, but low levels of IL-5, are associated with hepatosplenic disease in human schistosomiasis mansoni. J Immunol 160: 1992–1999. pmid:9469463
|
| [103] | Mbow M, Larkin BM, Meurs L, Wammes LJ, de Jong SE, et al. (2013) T-helper 17 cells are associated with pathology in human schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 207: 186–195. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis654. pmid:23087431
|
| [104] | Rutitzky LI, Stadecker MJ (2011) Exacerbated egg-induced immunopathology in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection is primarily mediated by IL-17 and restrained by IFN-gamma. Eur J Immunol 41: 2677–2687. doi: 10.1002/eji.201041327. pmid:21660933
|
| [105] | Abath FG, Morais CN, Montenegro CE, Wynn TA, Montenegro SM (2006) Immunopathogenic mechanisms in schistosomiasis: what can be learnt from human studies? Trends Parasitol 22: 85–91. pmid:16380294 doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.12.004
|
| [106] | Chevillard C, Moukoko CE, Elwali NE, Bream JH, Kouriba B, et al. (2003) IFN-gamma polymorphisms (IFN-gamma +2109 and IFN-gamma +3810) are associated with severe hepatic fibrosis in human hepatic schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni). J Immunol 171: 5596–5601. pmid:14607968 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5596
|
| [107] | Henri S, Chevillard C, Mergani A, Paris P, Gaudart J, et al. (2002) Cytokine regulation of periportal fibrosis in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni: IFN-gamma is associated with protection against fibrosis and TNF-alpha with aggravation of disease. J Immunol 169: 929–936. pmid:12097398 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.929
|
| [108] | Dessein AJ, Hillaire D, Elwali NE, Marquet S, Mohamed-Ali Q, et al. (1999) Severe hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection is controlled by a major locus that is closely linked to the interferon-gamma receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 65: 709–721. pmid:10441577 doi: 10.1086/302526
|
| [109] | Wilfing A, Winkler S, Schrattbauer K, Willheim M, Baier K, et al. (2001) African-European differences in the capacity of T-cell cytokine production. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 504–509. pmid:11716105
|
| [110] | Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, et al. (2012) An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature 491: 56–65. doi: 10.1038/nature11632. pmid:23128226
|
| [111] | Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, et al. (2010) Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations. Nature 467: 52–58. doi: 10.1038/nature09298. pmid:20811451
|
| [112] | Basehore MJ, Howard TD, Lange LA, Moore WC, Hawkins GA, et al. (2004) A comprehensive evaluation of IL4 variants in ethnically diverse populations: association of total serum IgE levels and asthma in white subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114: 80–87. pmid:15241348 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.05.035
|
| [113] | Nie W, Zhu Z, Pan X, Xiu Q (2013) The interleukin-4 -589C/T polymorphism and the risk of asthma: a meta-analysis including 7,345 cases and 7,819 controls. Gene 520: 22–29. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.027. pmid:23454622
|
| [114] | Burchard EG, Silverman EK, Rosenwasser LJ, Borish L, Yandava C, et al. (1999) Association between a sequence variant in the IL-4 gene promoter and FEV(1) in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160: 919–922. pmid:10471619 doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9812024
|
| [115] | Donfack J, Schneider DH, Tan Z, Kurz T, Dubchak I, et al. (2005) Variation in conserved non-coding sequences on chromosome 5q and susceptibility to asthma and atopy. Respir Res 6: 145. pmid:16336695
|
| [116] | Haller G, Torgerson DG, Ober C, Thompson EE (2009) Sequencing the IL4 locus in African Americans implicates rare noncoding variants in asthma susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124: 1204–1209 e1209. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.013. pmid:19910025
|
| [117] | Rockman MV, Hahn MW, Soranzo N, Goldstein DB, Wray GA (2003) Positive selection on a human-specific transcription factor binding site regulating IL4 expression. Curr Biol 13: 2118–2123. pmid:14654003 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.11.025
|
| [118] | Rosenwasser LJ, Borish L (1997) Genetics of atopy and asthma: the rationale behind promoter-based candidate gene studies (IL-4 and IL-10). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: S152–155. pmid:9351597 doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.12tac-14
|
| [119] | Akkad DA, Arning L, Ibrahim SM, Epplen JT (2007) Sex specifically associated promoter polymorphism in multiple sclerosis affects interleukin 4 expression levels. Genes Immun 8: 703–706. pmid:17855802 doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364429
|
| [120] | Heinzmann A, Mao XQ, Akaiwa M, Kreomer RT, Gao PS, et al. (2000) Genetic variants of IL-13 signalling and human asthma and atopy. Hum Mol Genet 9: 549–559. pmid:10699178 doi: 10.1093/hmg/9.4.549
|
| [121] | Hummelshoj T, Bodtger U, Datta P, Malling HJ, Oturai A, et al. (2003) Association between an interleukin-13 promoter polymorphism and atopy. Eur J Immunogenet 30: 355–359. pmid:14641544 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.2003.00416.x
|
| [122] | Doucet C, Brouty-Boye D, Pottin-Clemenceau C, Canonica GW, Jasmin C, et al. (1998) Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma. J Clin Invest 101: 2129–2139. pmid:9593769 doi: 10.1172/jci741
|
| [123] | Hershey GK (2003) IL-13 receptors and signaling pathways: an evolving web. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111: 677–690; quiz 691. pmid:12704343 doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.1333
|
| [124] | Wilson MS, Elnekave E, Mentink-Kane MM, Hodges MG, Pesce JT, et al. (2007) IL-13Ralpha2 and IL-10 coordinately suppress airway inflammation, airway-hyperreactivity, and fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 117: 2941–2951. pmid:17885690 doi: 10.1172/jci31546
|
| [125] | Granel B, Chevillard C, Allanore Y, Arnaud V, Cabantous S, et al. (2006) Evaluation of interleukin 13 polymorphisms in systemic sclerosis. Immunogenetics 58: 693–699. pmid:16832637 doi: 10.1007/s00251-006-0135-0
|
| [126] | Isnard A, Kouriba B, Doumbo O, Chevillard C (2011) Association of rs7719175, located in the IL13 gene promoter, with Schistosoma haematobium infection levels and identification of a susceptibility haplotype. Genes Immun 12: 31–39. doi: 10.1038/gene.2010.43. pmid:20861864
|
| [127] | Chatila TA (1998) Genetics of atopic diseases. Curr Opin Pediatr 10: 584–587. pmid:9848017 doi: 10.1097/00008480-199810060-00008
|
| [128] | Deichmann K, Bardutzky J, Forster J, Heinzmann A, Kuehr J (1997) Common polymorphisms in the coding part of the IL4-receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 696–697. pmid:9070874 doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6115
|
| [129] | Hackstein H, Hecker M, Kruse S, Bohnert A, Ober C, et al. (2001) A novel polymorphism in the 5' promoter region of the human interleukin-4 receptor alpha-chain gene is associated with decreased soluble interleukin-4 receptor protein levels. Immunogenetics 53: 264–269. pmid:11491529 doi: 10.1007/s002510100324
|
| [130] | Bergin AM, Balder B, Kishore S, Sward K, Hahn-Zoric M, et al. (2006) Common variations in the IL4R gene affect splicing and influence natural expression of the soluble isoform. Hum Mutat 27: 990–998. pmid:16917945 doi: 10.1002/humu.20364
|
| [131] | Hershey GK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA (1997) The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med 337: 1720–1725. pmid:9392697 doi: 10.1056/nejm199712113372403
|
| [132] | Rosa-Rosa L, Zimmermann N, Bernstein JA, Rothenberg ME, Khurana Hershey GK (1999) The R576 IL-4 receptor alpha allele correlates with asthma severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104: 1008–1014. pmid:10550746 doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70082-5
|
| [133] | Mitsuyasu H, Yanagihara Y, Mao XQ, Gao PS, Arinobu Y, et al. (1999) Cutting edge: dominant effect of Ile50Val variant of the human IL-4 receptor alpha-chain in IgE synthesis. J Immunol 162: 1227–1231. pmid:9973373
|
| [134] | Wjst M, Kruse S, Illig T, Deichmann K (2002) Asthma and IL-4 receptor alpha gene variants. Eur J Immunogenet 29: 263–268. pmid:12047364 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.2002.00300.x
|
| [135] | Kruse S, Japha T, Tedner M, Sparholt SH, Forster J, et al. (1999) The polymorphisms S503P and Q576R in the interleukin-4 receptor alpha gene are associated with atopy and influence the signal transduction. Immunology 96: 365–371. pmid:10233717 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00705.x
|
| [136] | Wu X, Di Rienzo A, Ober C (2001) A population genetics study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4RA) gene. Genes Immun 2: 128–134. pmid:11426321 doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363746
|
| [137] | Caggana M, Walker K, Reilly AA, Conroy JM, Duva S, et al. (1999) Population-based studies reveal differences in the allelic frequencies of two functionally significant human interleukin-4 receptor polymorphisms in several ethnic groups. Genet Med 1: 267–271. pmid:11258628 doi: 10.1097/00125817-199909000-00005
|
| [138] | Ober C, Leavitt SA, Tsalenko A, Howard TD, Hoki DM, et al. (2000) Variation in the interleukin 4-receptor alpha gene confers susceptibility to asthma and atopy in ethnically diverse populations. Am J Hum Genet 66: 517–526. pmid:10677312 doi: 10.1086/302781
|
| [139] | Tachdjian R, Mathias C, Al Khatib S, Bryce PJ, Kim HS, et al. (2009) Pathogenicity of a disease-associated human IL-4 receptor allele in experimental asthma. J Exp Med 206: 2191–2204. doi: 10.1084/jem.20091480. pmid:19770271
|
| [140] | Youn J, Hwang SH, Cho CS, Min JK, Kim WU, et al. (2000) Association of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha variant Q576R with Th1/Th2 imbalance in connective tissue disease. Immunogenetics 51: 743–746. pmid:10941846 doi: 10.1007/s002510000196
|
| [141] | Battle NC, Choudhry S, Tsai HJ, Eng C, Kumar G, et al. (2007) Ethnicity-specific gene-gene interaction between IL-13 and IL-4Ralpha among African Americans with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175: 881–887. pmid:17303794 doi: 10.1164/rccm.200607-992oc
|
| [142] | Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM (2008) IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol 180: 5771–5777. pmid:18424693 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5771
|
| [143] | Peranteau WH, Zhang L, Muvarak N, Badillo AT, Radu A, et al. (2008) IL-10 overexpression decreases inflammatory mediators and promotes regenerative healing in an adult model of scar formation. J Invest Dermatol 128: 1852–1860. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701232. pmid:18200061
|
| [144] | Booth M, Mwatha JK, Joseph S, Jones FM, Kadzo H, et al. (2004) Periportal fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with low IL-10, low IFN-gamma, high TNF-alpha, or low RANTES, depending on age and gender. J Immunol 172: 1295–1303. pmid:14707108 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1295
|
| [145] | Grant AV, Araujo MI, Ponte EV, Oliveira RR, Cruz AA, et al. (2011) Polymorphisms in IL10 are associated with total Immunoglobulin E levels and Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian population. Genes Immun 12: 46–50. doi: 10.1038/gene.2010.50. pmid:20927126
|
| [146] | Hayden CM, Zhang G, Judge PK, Khoo SK, Laing IA, et al. (2011) Regulatory role of IL10 genetic variations in determining allergen-induced T(H)2 cytokine responses in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128: 237–239 e238. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.032. pmid:21439624
|
| [147] | Silva PC, Gomes AV, de Souza TK, Coelho MR, Cahu GG, et al. (2014) Association of SNP (-G1082A) IL-10 with Increase in Severity of Periportal Fibrosis in Schistosomiasis, in the Northeast of Brazil. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 18: 646–52. doi: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0098. pmid:25079344
|
| [148] | Hoffmann SC, Stanley EM, Cox ED, DiMercurio BS, Koziol DE, et al. (2002) Ethnicity greatly influences cytokine gene polymorphism distribution. Am J Transplant 2: 560–567. pmid:12118901 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20611.x
|
| [149] | Smith AJ, Humphries SE (2009) Cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms and their functionality. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 20: 43–59. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.11.006. pmid:19038572
|
| [150] | Delaney NL, Esquenazi V, Lucas DP, Zachary AA, Leffell MS (2004) TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-6, and INF-gamma alleles among African Americans and Cuban Americans. Report of the ASHI Minority Workshops: Part IV. Hum Immunol 65: 1413–1419. pmid:15603866 doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.07.240
|
| [151] | Ihn H (2002) Pathogenesis of fibrosis: role of TGF-beta and CTGF. Curr Opin Rheumatol 14: 681–685. pmid:12410091 doi: 10.1097/00002281-200211000-00009
|
| [152] | Border WA, Noble NA (1994) Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331: 1286–1292. pmid:7935686 doi: 10.1056/nejm199411103311907
|
| [153] | Drumm ML, Konstan MW, Schluchter MD, Handler A, Pace R, et al. (2005) Genetic modifiers of lung disease in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 353: 1443–1453. pmid:16207846 doi: 10.1056/nejmoa051469
|
| [154] | Phillips JA 3rd, Poling JS, Phillips CA, Stanton KC, Austin ED, et al. (2008) Synergistic heterozygosity for TGFbeta1 SNPs and BMPR2 mutations modulates the age at diagnosis and penetrance of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. Genet Med 10: 359–365. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e318172dcdf. pmid:18496036
|
| [155] | Eiser AR (2010) Does over-expression of transforming growth factor-beta account for the increased morbidity in African-Americans: Possible clinical study and therapeutic implications. Medical Hypotheses 75: 418–421. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.009. pmid:20457494
|
| [156] | August P, Sharma V, Ding R, Schwartz JE, Suthanthiran M (2009) Transforming growth factor beta and excess burden of renal disease. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 120: 61–72. pmid:19768163
|
| [157] | Shah R, Rahaman B, Hurley CK, Posch PE (2006) Allelic diversity in the TGFB1 regulatory region: characterization of novel functional single nucleotide polymorphisms. Hum Genet 119: 61–74. pmid:16369764 doi: 10.1007/s00439-005-0112-y
|
| [158] | Oldroyd SD, Thomas GL, Gabbiani G, El Nahas AM (1999) Interferon-gamma inhibits experimental renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 56: 2116–2127. pmid:10594787 doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00775.x
|
| [159] | Giri SN, Hyde DM, Marafino BJ Jr. (1986) Ameliorating effect of murine interferon gamma on bleomycin-induced lung collagen fibrosis in mice. Biochem Med Metab Biol 36: 194–197. pmid:2430600 doi: 10.1016/0885-4505(86)90124-6
|
| [160] | Pravica V, Asderakis A, Perrey C, Hajeer A, Sinnott PJ, et al. (1999) In vitro production of IFN-gamma correlates with CA repeat polymorphism in the human IFN-gamma gene. Eur J Immunogenet 26: 1–3. pmid:10068907 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.1999.00122.x
|
| [161] | Hassan MI, Aschner Y, Manning CH, Xu J, Aschner JL (2003) Racial differences in selected cytokine allelic and genotypic frequencies among healthy, pregnant women in North Carolina. Cytokine 21: 10–16. pmid:12668154 doi: 10.1016/s1043-4666(02)00489-1
|
| [162] | Upperman JS, Pillage G, Siddiqi MQ, Zeevi A, Kelly N, et al. (2005) Dominance of high-producing interleukin 6 and low-producing interleukin 10 and interferon gamma alleles in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient trauma patients. Shock 23: 197–201. pmid:15718915
|
| [163] | Rosenzweig SD, Schaffer AA, Ding L, Sullivan R, Enyedi B, et al. (2004) Interferon-gamma receptor 1 promoter polymorphisms: population distribution and functional implications. Clin Immunol 112: 113–119. pmid:15207788 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.018
|
| [164] | Gao PS, Mao XQ, Jouanguy E, Pallier A, Doffinger R, et al. (1999) Nonpathogenic common variants of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 in association with total serum IgE levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263: 425–429. pmid:10491309 doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1368
|
| [165] | Ferguson JF, Patel PN, Shah RY, Mulvey CK, Gadi R, et al. (2013) Race and gender variation in response to evoked inflammation. J Transl Med 11: 63. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-63. pmid:23497455
|
| [166] | Lyn-Cook BD, Xie C, Oates J, Treadwell E, Word B, et al. (2014) Increased expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 and other cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients: ethnic differences and potential new targets for therapeutic drugs. Mol Immunol 61: 38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.001. pmid:24865418
|
| [167] | Ye CJ, Feng T, Kwon HK, Raj T, Wilson MT, et al. (2014) Intersection of population variation and autoimmunity genetics in human T cell activation. Science 345: 1254665. doi: 10.1126/science.1254665. pmid:25214635
|
| [168] | Lustigman S, Prichard RK, Gazzinelli A, Grant WN, Boatin BA, et al. (2012) A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1582. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582. pmid:22545164
|
| [169] | Weir BS, Cockerham C (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38: 1358–1370. doi: 10.2307/2408641
|
| [170] | Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, Royall RM, Quigley HA, et al. (1991) Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. JAMA 266: 369–374. pmid:2056646 doi: 10.1001/jama.1991.03470030069026
|
| [171] | (2005) Racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension—United States, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 7–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.8.923
|
| [172] | Barrett J (1973) Keloid. In: Bergsma D, editor. Birth Defect Compendium. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkens Company. pp. 553.
|
| [173] | Drazner MH, Dries DL, Peshock RM, Cooper RS, Klassen C, et al. (2005) Left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevalent in blacks than whites in the general population: the Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension 46: 124–129. pmid:15939807 doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000169972.96201.8e
|
| [174] | Kizer JR, Arnett DK, Bella JN, Paranicas M, Rao DC, et al. (2004) Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study. Hypertension 43: 1182–1188. pmid:15123573 doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000128738.94190.9f
|
| [175] | Lackland DT, Keil J.E (1996) Epidemiology of hypertension in African Americans. Semin Nephrol 16: 63–70. pmid:8668862
|
| [176] | Ferguson R, Grim CE, Opgenorth TJ (1987) The epidemiology of end-state renal disease: the six-year South-Central Los Angeles experience, 1980–85. Am J Public Health 77: 864–865. pmid:3592045 doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.7.864
|
| [177] | Tracy RE, Bhandaru SY, Oalmann MC, Guzman MA, Newmann WP 3rd (1991) Blood pressure and nephrosclerosis in black and white men and women aged 25 to 54. Mod Pathol 4: 602–609. pmid:1758872
|
| [178] | Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Rich SS, Valis CJ, Sale MM, et al. (2005) A genome scan for all-cause end-stage renal disease in African Americans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20: 712–718. pmid:15701670 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh704
|
| [179] | (USRDS) URDS (1998) 1998 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive, and Kidney Diseases.
|
| [180] | System URD (2003) USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
|
| [181] | Toto RB (2003) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans. Kidney Int 64: 2331–2341. pmid:14633170 doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00333.x
|
| [182] | Terris M, Chaves AD (1966) An epidemiologic study of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 94: 50–55. pmid:5945340
|
| [183] | Keller AZ (1971) Hospital, age, racial, occupational, geographical, clinical and survivorship characteristics in the epidemiology of sarcoidosis. Am J Epidemiol 94: 222–230. pmid:5093653
|
| [184] | Sartwell PE, Edwards LB (1974) Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in the U.S. Navy. Am J Epidemiol 99: 250–257. pmid:4818715
|
| [185] | Rybicki BA, Harrington D, Major M, Simoff M, Popovich J Jr., et al. (1996) Heterogeneity of familial risk in sarcoidosis. Genet Epidemiol 13: 23–33. pmid:8647376 doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2272(1996)13:1<23::aid-gepi3>3.0.co;2-7
|
| [186] | Rybicki BA, Major M, Popovich J Jr., Maliarik MJ, Iannuzzi MC (1997) Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol 145: 234–241. pmid:9012596 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096
|
| [187] | Kucera GP, Rybicki BA, Kirkey KL, Coon SW, Major ML, et al. (2003) Occupational risk factors for sarcoidosis in African-American siblings. Chest 123: 1527–1535. pmid:12740270 doi: 10.1378/chest.123.5.1527
|
| [188] | Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS (2007) Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 357: 2153–2165. pmid:18032765 doi: 10.1056/nejmra071714
|
| [189] | Masi AT, D'Angelo WA (1967) Epidemiology of fatal systemic sclerosis (diffuse scleroderma). A 15-year survey in Baltimore. Ann Intern Med 66: 870–883. pmid:6025228 doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-870
|
| [190] | Arnett FC, Cho M, Chatterjee S, Aguilar MB, Reveille JD, et al. (2001) Familial occurrence frequencies and relative risks for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in three United States cohorts. Arthritis Rheum 44: 1359–1362. pmid:11407695 doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1359::aid-art228>3.0.co;2-s
|
| [191] | Mayes MD (2003) Scleroderma epidemiology. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 29: 239–254. pmid:12841293 doi: 10.1016/s0889-857x(03)00022-x
|
| [192] | Siegel M, Holley HL, Lee SL (1970) Epidemiologic studies on systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparative data for New York City and Jefferson County, Alabama, 1956–1965. Arthritis Rheum 13: 802–811. pmid:5495391 doi: 10.1002/art.1780130610
|
| [193] | Wilson WA, Hughes GR (1979) Rheumatic disease in Jamaica. Ann Rheum Dis 38: 320–325. pmid:315207 doi: 10.1136/ard.38.4.320
|
| [194] | Hochberg MC (1997) The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn B.H., Quismorio F.P., editor. Dubois' lupus erythematosus. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 49–65.
|
| [195] | Rus VHA (2001) Systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Silman AJHM, editor. Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–140.
|
| [196] | Marshall LM, Spiegelman D, Barbieri RL, Goldman MB, Manson JE, et al. (1997) Variation in the incidence of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal women by age and race. Obstet Gynecol 90: 967–973. pmid:9397113 doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00534-6
|
| [197] | Christopherson WM, Nealon NA (1981) Uterine cancer: a comparative study of black and white women. Prog Clin Biol Res 53: 185–195. pmid:7465586
|
| [198] | Day Baird D, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM (2003) High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188: 100–107. pmid:12548202 doi: 10.1067/mob.2003.99
|
| [199] | Yu Q, Horak K, Larson DF (2006) Role of T lymphocytes in hypertension-induced cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling. Hypertension 48: 98–104. pmid:16735642 doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000227247.27111.b2
|
| [200] | Peng H, Yang XP, Carretero OA, Nakagawa P, D'Ambrosio M, et al. (2011) Angiotensin II-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in Balb/c but not C57BL/6J mice. Exp Physiol 96: 756–764. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.057612. pmid:21602297
|
| [201] | DeMeo DL, Lange C, Silverman EK, Senter JM, Drazen JM, et al. (2002) Univariate and multivariate family-based association analysis of the IL-13 ARG130GLN polymorphism in the Childhood Asthma Management Program. Genet Epidemiol 23: 335–348. pmid:12432502 doi: 10.1002/gepi.10182
|
| [202] | Grant AV, Araujo MI, Ponte EV, Oliveira RR, Gao P, et al. (2012) Functional polymorphisms in IL13 are protective against high Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian population. PLoS One 7: e35863. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035863. pmid:22574126
|
| [203] | Shah R, Hurley CK, Posch PE (2006) A molecular mechanism for the differential regulation of TGF-beta1 expression due to the common SNP -509C-T (c. -1347C > T). Hum Genet 120: 461–469. pmid:16896927 doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0194-1
|
| [204] | Grainger DJ, Heathcote K, Chiano M, Snieder H, Kemp PR, et al. (1999) Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1. Hum Mol Genet 8: 93–97. pmid:9887336 doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.1.93
|
| [205] | Silverman ES, Palmer LJ, Subramaniam V, Hallock A, Mathew S, et al. (2004) Transforming growth factor-beta1 promoter polymorphism C-509T is associated with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169: 214–219. pmid:14597484 doi: 10.1164/rccm.200307-973oc
|
| [206] | Awad M, Pravica V, Perrey C, El Gamel A, Yonan N, et al. (1999) CA repeat allele polymorphism in the first intron of the human interferon-gamma gene is associated with lung allograft fibrosis. Hum Immunol 60: 343–346. pmid:10363726 doi: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00133-5
|
