Clustered Low-Rank Tensor Format: Introduction and Application to Fast Construction of Hartree-Fock Exchange

Clustered Low Rank (CLR) framework for block-sparse and block-low-rank tensor representation and computation is described. The CLR framework depends on 2 parameters that control precision: one controlling the CLR block rank truncation and another that controls screening of small contributions in arithmetic operations on CLR tensors. As these parameters approach zero CLR representation and arithmetic become exact. There are no other ad-hoc heuristics, such as domains. Use of the CLR format for the order-2 and order-3 tensors that appear in the context of density fitting (DF) evaluation of the Hartree-Fock (exact) exchange significantly reduced the storage and computational complexities below their standard $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$ and $\mathcal{O}(N^4)$ figures. Even for relatively small systems and realistic basis sets CLR-based DF HF becomes more efficient than the standard DF approach, and significantly more efficient than the conventional non-DF HF, while negligibly affecting molecular energies and properties.