Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) provide higher information throughput and require shorter training than BCI systems using other brain signals. To elicit an SSVEP, a repetitive visual stimulus (RVS) has to be presented to the user. The RVS can be rendered on a computer screen by alternating graphical patterns, or with external light sources able to emit modulated light. The properties of an RVS (e.g., frequency, color) depend on the rendering device and influence the SSVEP characteristics. This affects the BCI information throughput and the levels of user safety and comfort. Literature on SSVEP-based BCIs does not generally provide reasons for the selection of the used rendering devices or RVS properties. In this paper, we review the literature on SSVEP-based BCIs and comprehensively report on the different RVS choices in terms of rendering devices, properties, and their potential influence on BCI performance, user safety and comfort. 1. Introduction A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system in which the user's intention is conveyed to the external world without involving the normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles [1]. BCIs are especially relevant for users with reduced motor abilities. Yet, applications for a wider range of users are emerging for entertainment, safety, and security. In noninvasive BCIs, electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly employed because of its high time resolution, ease of acquisition, and cost effectiveness as compared to other brain activity monitoring modalities. Noninvasive electrophysiological sources for BCI control include event-related synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD), visual evoked potentials (VEP), steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP), slow cortical potentials (SCP), P300 evoked potentials and and rhythms [2]. SSVEP-based BCIs have received increased attention because they can provide relatively higher bit rates of up to 70？bits/min while requiring little training [3]. An SSVEP-based BCI (see the functional model in Figure 1) enables the user to select among several commands that depend on the application, for example, moving a cursor on a computer screen. Each command is associated with a repetitive visual stimulus (RVS) that has distinctive properties (e.g., frequency or phase). The stimuli are simultaneously presented to the user who selects a command by focusing his/her attention on the corresponding stimulus. When the user focuses his/her attention on an RVS, an SSVEP is elicited which manifests as
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