Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are natural and anthropogenic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic activity, PAHs are a significant environmental concern. Ligninolytic fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, and Pleurotus ostreatus, have the capacity of PAH degradation. The enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs are ligninolytic and include lignin peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, Mn-peroxidase, and laccase. This paper summarizes the data available on PAH degradation by fungi belonging to different ecophysiological groups (white-rot and litter-decomposing fungi) under submerged cultivation and during mycoremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. The role of the ligninolytic enzymes of these fungi in PAH degradation is discussed. 1. Introduction The use of fossil fuels for energy and raw material in the past century has led to widespread environmental pollution. Among these pollutants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are considered a potential health risk because of their possible carcinogenic and mutagenic activities [1]. PAHs consist of benzene analogs having two or more aromatic rings in various alignments (Figure 1). Most of the low-molecular-weight PAHs (up to three aromatic rings) are very toxic [2], and most of the high-molecular-weight PAHs (four and more aromatic rings) are highly mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic for humans and animals [3]. PAHs are compounds of great environmental significance and are considered by the Environmental Protection Agency (USA) and other national institutions to be of toxicological relevance [http://www.defra.gov.uk/Environment/consult/airqual01/11.htm]. Figure 1: Chemical formulas of some 3-, 4- and 5-ring PAHs [ http://www.chemport.ru/]. The general and scientific interest in the fate of PAHs in the environment and their microbial degradation, especially of higher-molecular-weight PAHs consisting of more than four rings, is based on their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Many reviews are available on different aspects of PAH degradation [4–6]. Several fungi are known to have the property of degradation PAHs. The degradation of these compounds by ligninolytic fungi, including white-rot and litter-decomposing fungi, has been intensively studied. They produce extracellular enzymes with very low substrate specificity, making them suitable for degradation of lignin and different low- and higher-molecular-weight aromatic compounds [6].
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