Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed to assess the genetic diversity among rarely cultivated traditional indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties collected from a tribal hamlet of Kerala State, India. A total of 664 DNA bands amplified by 15 primers exhibited 72.9% polymorphism (an average of 32.3 polymorphic bands per primer). The varieties Jeerakasala and Kalladiyaran exhibited the highest percent (50.19%) polymorphism, while Thondi and Adukkan showed the lowest (9.85%). Adukkan (78 bands) and Jeerakasala (56 bands) yielded the highest and the lowest number of amplicons, respectively. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient showed the highest value of similarity coefficient between the varieties Adukkan and Thondi, both shared higher level of similarity (0.81), followed by Kanali and Thondi (0.88). Of the three subclusters, the varieties of Adukkan, Thondi, Kanali, Mannuveliyan, Thonnuranthondi, and Chennellu grouped together with a similarity of 0.77. The second group represented by Navara, Gandhakasala, and Jeerakasala with a similarity coefficient of 0.76 formed a cohesive group. The variety Kalladiyaran formed an isolated position that joined the second cluster. The Principal Coordinate Analysis also showed separation of Kalladiyaran from the other varieties. 1. Introduction Traditional rice varieties with high genetic variation overwhelmingly support the improvement of rice. India, rich in diversity of indica varieties of rice, accounts for approximately 80% of the cultivated rice. Indian rice varieties are evolved through traditional selection, hybridisation, and back crossing with locally adapted high yielding lines. Kerala, one of the states of India, with more than 300 hundred traditional rice varieties including scented and medicinal varieties contributes much variation to India’s bowl of rice diversity. Wayanad District of Kerala (http://www.wayanad.nic.in/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_district), boarded by the Western Ghats, is a settlement of several tribal groups with 75 traditional rice varieties adaptable to biotic and abiotic stresses (http://www.mssrf.org/iec/pubfile/20Congress_2009.pdf). The promising traditional rice varieties which are rare in cultivation, collected from the tribal areas for the present studies, are Adukkan, Thondi, Kanali, Mannuveliyan, Thonnuranthondi, Chennellu, Kalladiyaran, Jeerakasala (Aromatic), Gandhakasala, (Aromatic), and Navara black-awned (Medicinal), and the salient features are given in Table 1. Of which, the
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