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冰川冻土  2013 

1957-2010年天山玛纳斯河流域夏季径流及洪水过程对极端气候事件的响应

DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0083, PP. 733-740

Keywords: 极端天气,夏季洪水,气候变化,玛纳斯河流域

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Abstract:

利用玛纳斯河流域肯斯瓦特站1957-2010年的气温、降水和洪水径流等资料,分析了该流域自1957年以来的气候变化以及夏季洪水径流过程对极端气候的响应.结果表明玛纳斯河流域自1957年以来平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,1979年是年均温由下降趋势转为上升的转折点,并且1978年之后极端高温天气增多,主要出现在7月份.玛纳斯河年降水量总的变化趋势是波动减少的,1986年以后降水有所增加,但只是恢复到多年平均降水量水平的上下波动.降水主要集中在4-8月,约占年降水量的70%.气温高的月份与降水量多的月份并不完全对应,如5月份气温较低,但降水较大;7月气温最高,但6月降水量最大;8月气温较高,但降水量较少.玛纳斯河年径流主要集中在6-9月,4个月的总径流量约占全年总径流量的80%,7月份径流量最大,约占全年总径流量的28.8%.历年最大洪峰流量呈显著增加趋势,1993年是最大洪峰流量由下降变为增多的转折点,而1994-2010年最大洪峰流量基本保持在高位上下波动.最大15日洪量占年径流量的比例较大,说明洪水过程持续时间较长,汛期水量较为集中.最大洪峰流量出现时间基本都在7月和8月上旬.玛纳斯河夏季月径流与夏季月气温和降水的关系并不密切,低度相关,说明玛纳斯河流域自1993年以来夏季洪水频繁发生,尤其超标准洪水次数增多、量级增大主要是由于夏季极端高温和极端降水天气增多引起的.

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