It is well-known that odor has a good influence on a human mind and body. In this study, we investigated the effect of the essential oil inhalation of Cyperi rhizoma and Perillae herba which were main aromatic herbs ingredient of the Kososan, to psychological condition, autonomic nerve activity and salivary biomarker. In addition, we examined influence by the favorite difference in odor. 25 healthy female volunteers (control group: 5 people; Cyperi rhizoma group: 10 people; Perillae herba group: 10 people) were examined. POMS was examined at PRE and POST the experiment. Pulse analyser was examined and saliva samples were collected before the inhalation, just after the inhalation, 10 minutes and 20 minutes later, respectively. Saliva samples analyzed for levels of α-amylase and cortisol. At the examination for POMS after the experiment, the preference for the odor was confirmed. About both Cyperi rhizoma and Perillae herba, by the essential oil inhalation, mental stability and relaxation effect were provided in psychological and psysiological evaluation. In the “like” group, relaxation was greater than “unlike” group. However, about Cyperi rhizoma, the stress was relaxed regardless of the favorite difference in odor, and a physical relaxation effect was shown. In addition, about the autonomic nerve activity, the parasympathetic nerve was not activated, and it was suggested that it was made and stabilized the balance of the autonomic nerve.
References
[1]
Shin, W.S., Shin, C.S. and Yeoun, P.S. (2012) The Influence of Forest Therapy Camp on Depression in Alcoholics. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 17, 73-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-011-0215-0
[2]
Tsujiura, Y. and Toyoda, K. (2013) Physical and Mental Reactions to Forest Relaxation Video-Studies on Gender Differences. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 68, 175-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1265/jjh.68.175
[3]
Ito, K., Ito, M. and Takahashi, K. (2012) Approach to Evidence-Based Aromatherapy: Pharmacological Effects of Inhaled Aromatic Natural Medecines. Folia Pharmacologia Japonica, 140, 71-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.140.71
[4]
Ito, N., Nagai, T., Yabe, T., Nunome, S., Hanawa, T. and Yamada, H. (2006) Antidepressant-Like Activity of a Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine, Koso-San (Xiang-Su-San), and Its Mode of Action via the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Phytomedicine, 13, 658-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.002
[5]
Ito, N., Yabe, T., Nagai, T., Oikawa, T., Yamada, H. and Hanawa, T. (2009) A Possible Mechanism Underlying an Antidepressive-Like Effect of Kososan, a Kampo Medicine, via the Hypothalamic Orexinegic System in the Stress-Induced Depression-Like Model Mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 32, 1716-1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.1716
[6]
Ito, N., Hori, A., Yabe, T., Nagai, T., Oikawa, T., Yamada, H. and Hanawa, T. (2012) Involvement of Neuropeptide Y Signaling in the Antidepressant-Like Effect and Hippocampal Cell Proliferation Induced by Kososan, a Kampo Medicine, in the Stress-Induced Depression-Like Model Mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35, 1775-1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b12-00466
[7]
Wakasugi, A., Odaguchi, H., Shoda, H., Ito, D., Gamo, Y., Hoshino, T, Watanabe, K. and Hanawa, T. (2006) Differentation between Hangekobokuto and Kososan Based on Pupillary Dynamics: Evaluation of Autonomic Nerve Function. Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU, 23, 132-140.
[8]
Koga, N., Yamaguchi, T., Lee, K.K. and Kobayashi, H. (2013) Kososan, a Standardized Traditional Japanese Herbal Medicine, Reverses Sleep Disturbance in Socially Isolated Mice via GABAA-Benzodiazepine Recepteor Complex Activation. Phytomedicine, 21, 697-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.008
[9]
Chrous, G.P. and Gold, P.W. (1992) The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders. Overview of Physical and Behave Oral Homeostasis. JAMA, 267, 1244-1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034
[10]
Tornhage, C.J. (2009) Salivary Cortisol for Assessment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function. Neuroimmunomodulation, 16, 284-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000216186
[11]
Masago, R., Matsuda, T., Kikuchi, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H. and Katsuura, T. (2000) Effects of Inhalation of Essential Oils on EEG Activity and Sensory Evaluation. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 19, 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa.19.35
[12]
Brauchli, P., Rüegg, P.B., Etzweiler, F. and Zeier, H. (1995) Electrocortical and Autonomic Alteration by Administration of a Pleasant and an Unpleasant Odor. Chemical Senses, 20, 505-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/20.5.505
[13]
Robin, O., Alaoui-Ismaili, O., Dittmar, A. and Vernet-Maury, E. (1999) Basic Emotions Evoked by Eugenol Odor Differ According to the Dental Experience. A Neurovegetative Analysis. Chemical Senses, 24, 327-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/24.3.327
[14]
Nagai, M., Wada, M., Usui, N., Tanaka, A. and Hasebe, Y. (2000) Pleasant Odors Attenuate the Blood Pressure Increase during Rhythmic Handgrip in Humans. Neuroscience Letters, 289, 227-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01278-7
[15]
Ehrlichman, H., Kuhl, S.B., Zhu, J. and Warrenburg, S. (1997) Startle Reflex Modulation by Pleasant and Unpleasant Odors in a Between-Subjects Design. Psychophys-iology, 34, 726-729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02149.x
[16]
McNair, D.M. and Lorr, M. (1964) An Analysis of Mood in Neurotics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 620-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040902
[17]
Otomi, K., Ymaguchi, Y., Watanabe, S., Kobayashi, A., Kobayashi, H. and Hashiguchi, N. (2015) Effects of Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 on Autonomic Nerve Activities and Physiological Functions. Health, 7, 397-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.73045
[18]
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology (1996) Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation, 93, 1043-1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
[19]
Matsumoto, T., Ushiroyama, T., Kimura, T., Hayashi, T. and Moritani, T. (2007) Altered Autonomic Nervous System Activity as a Potential Etiological Factor of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1, 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-1-24
[20]
Matsumoto, T., Asakura, H. and Hayashi, T. (2013) Does Lavender Aromatherapy Alleviate Premenstrual Emotional Symptoms?: A Randomized Crossover Trial. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 7, 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-7-12
[21]
Duan, X.D., Tashiro, M., Wu, D., Yambe, T., Nitta, S. and Itoh, M. (2006) Heart Rate Variability in Autonomic Function and Localization of Cerebral Activity during Inhalation of Perfumed Fragrances (Session “Brain Imaging of Emotion”, The 22nd Symposium on Life Information Science). Journal of International Society of Life Information Science, 24, 383-395.
[22]
Sugaya, A., Tsuda, T. and Obuchi, T. (1981) Pharmacological Studies on Perillae herba. I. Neuropharmacological Action of Water Extract and Perillaldehyde. Yakugaku Zasshi, 101, 642-648.
[23]
Bekkyu, N. and Saho, M. (2014) Distinctive Relaxation Effects of Lavender Oil and Foot Massage. Journal of School of Nursing Osaka Prefecture University, 20, 27-56.
[24]
Hayasaki, T., Sakurai, M., Hayashi, T., Murakami, K. and Hanawa, T. (2007) Analysis of Pharmacological Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of a Traditional Herbal Medicine by Global Gene Expression Analysis: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 32, 247-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00818.x
[25]
Ito, N., Nagai, T., Oikawa, T., Yamada, H. and Hanawa, T. (2011) Antidepressant-Like Effect of l-Perillaldehyde in Stress-Induced Depression-Like Model Mice through Regulation of the Olfactory Nervous System. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, Article ID: 512697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen045
[26]
Komori, T., Fujiwara, R., Tanida, M. and Nomura, J. (1995) Potential An-tidepressant Effects of Lemon Odor in Rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 5, 477-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977X(95)80007-O
[27]
Kim, S.-H., Han, J., Seog, D.-H., Chung, J.Y., Kim, N., Park, Y.H. and Lee, S.K. (2005) Antidepressant Effect of Chaihu-Shugan-San Extract and Its Constituents in Rat Models of Depression. Life Sciences, 76, 1297-1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.022
[28]
Kilani, S., Ledauphin, J., Bouhlel, I., Ben Sghaier, M., Boubaker, J., Skandrani, I., Mosrati, R., Ghedira, K., Barillier, D. and Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2008) Comparative Study of Cyperus rotundus Essential Oil by a Modified GC/MS Analysis Method. Evaluation of Its Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Effects. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5, 729-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200890069
[29]
Jung, S.-H., Kim, S.J., Jun, B.-G., Lee, K.-T., Hong, S.-P., Oh, M.S., Jang, D.S. and Choi, J.-H. (2013) α-Cyperone, Isolated from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus, Inhibits LPS-Induced COX-2 Expression and PGE2 Production through the Negative Regulation of NFκB Signalling in RAW 264.7 Cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 147, 208-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.034
