Glyphosate, N-phosphonomethyl-glycine
(GLY), is a systemic post-emergence herbicide that controls weeds with great
efficiency whose low cost is reflected in its wide application. In the environment,
the presence of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its main degradation
product, is indicative of the application of GLY to the land. The aim of this
study was to develop two analytical methods for the determination of GLY by
HPLC-UV and GLY and AMPA by GC-MS, in water, soil and sediment samples. The proposed
HPLC-UV method proved to be an efficient way of determining GLY in
environmental samples of water, soil and sediment, eliminating the step of
extraction and clean-up. On the other hand, the GC-MS method can be used to
determine both GLY and AMPA simultaneously. The limits of detection (LOD) and
quantitation (LOQ) for GLY by the HPLC method were 9.93 and 30.1 μg·L﹣1 for water samples, and 0.040 and 0.120 mg·kg﹣1 for soil and sediment
samples, respectively. By the GC-MS method, the LOD and LOQ for GLY were 0.67
and 2.02 μg·L﹣1 for water samples, and 0.0027 and 0.0081 mg·kg﹣1 for soil and sediment samples, respectively. For AMPA, these limits were 0.15
and 0.45 μg·L﹣1 for water samples and 0.0006 and 0.0018 mg·kg﹣1 for soil and sediment samples, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 70% to
120% for water, soil and sediment samples.
References
[1]
Corbera, M., Hidalgo, M.,
Salvadó, V. and Wieczorek, P.P. (2005) Determination of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Natural
Water Using the Capillary Electrophoresis Combined with Enrichment Step. Analytica Chimica Acta, 540, 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.12.028
Assalin, M.R., De Moraes, S.G.,
Queiroz, S.C.N., Ferracini, V.L. and Duran. N.J.(2010) Studies on Degradation of Glyphosate by Several Oxidative Chemical
Processes: Ozonation, Photolysis and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis.Journal of Environmental Science
and Health, Part
B, 45, 89-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230903404598
[4]
Botta, F., Lavison, G., Couturier, G.,
Alliot, F., Moreau-Guigon, E., Fauchon, N., Guery, B., Chevreuil, M. and Blanchoud, H. (2009) Transfer of Glyphosate and Its Degradate AMPA
to Surface Waters through Urban Sewerage Systems. Chemosphere, 77, 133-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.008
[5]
Hsu, C.C. and Whang, C.W. (2009) Microscale Solid Phase Extraction of Glyphosate
and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Water and Guava Fruit Extract Using
Alumina-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Followed by Capillary Electrophoresis
and Electrochemiluminescence Detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 8575-8580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.023
[6]
Souza, T.A., Matta, M.H.R., Montagner, E. and Abreu, A.B.G. (2006) Estudo de recuperacao
de glifosato e AMPA derivados em solo utilizando-se resinas nacionais. Química Nova, 29, 1372-1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422006000600037
[7]
Khrolenko, M.V. and Wieczorek, P.P. (2005) Determination of Glyphosate
and Its Metabolite Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Fruit Juices Using
Supported-Liquid Membrane Preconcentration Method with High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography and UV Detection after Derivatization with p-Toluenesulphonyl
Chloride. Journal of Chromatography A, 1093, 111-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.062
[8]
See, H.H., Hauser, P.C., Ibrahim, W.A.W. and Sanagi, M.M. (2010) Rapid and Direct
Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Aminophosphonic Acid by Online
Preconcentration CE with Contactless Conductivity Detection. Electrophoresis, 31, 575-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200900380
[9]
Borjesson, E. and Torstensson, L. (2000) New Methods for Determination
of Glyphosate and (Aminomethyl)phosphonic Acid in Water and Soil. Journal of Chromatography A, 886, 207-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00514-8
[10]
Rodríguez, J.O.N.P. (2001) Exotic Species Introductions into South
America: An Underestimated Threat? Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1983-1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013151722557
[11]
Dornelles,
C.T.A. (2006) Percepcao
ambiental: Uma análise na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Monjolinho, Sao Carlos, SP.
Doctorate Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
[12]
CETESB (2001) Manual de Gerenciamento de
áreas Contaminadas. CETESB, Sao
Paulo.
ABNT (1984) NBR 7181—Solo-Análise Granulométrica. Associacao Brasileira de Normas Técnicas—ABNT, Rio de
Janeiro.
[15]
Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A.,
Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T. and Sumner, M.E. (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis—Part 3: Chemical Methods.
Soil Science
Society of America, Madison.
[16]
Alberguini, L.B.A., Silva, L.C. and Rezende, M.O.O. (2005) Tratamento de
Resíduos Químicos: Guia Prático para a Solucao dos Resíduos Químicos em
Instituicoes de Ensino Superior. Rima, Sao Carlos.
[17]
Olivares, I.R.B. and Lopes, F.A. (2012) Essential Steps to Providing Reliable Results
Using the Analytical Quality Assurance Cycle. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 35, 109-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.01.004
[18]
Barros Neto, B.,
Scarminio, I.S. and Bruns, R.E. (2007) Como Fazer Experimentos: Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na Ciência e na
Indústria. 3 Edition, Editora
da Universidade de Campinas, Campinas.
Cantarella,
H., van Raij B. and Quaggio, J.A. (1998) Soil and Plant Analyses for Lime and
Fertilizer Recommendations in Brazil. Communications
in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29, 1691-1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370060
[21]
Araújo, R.,
Goedert, W.J. and Lacerda, M.P.C. (2007) Qualidade de um solo sob
diferentes usos e sob cerrado nativo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 31, 1099-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832007000500025
