The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of sewage sludge (SS) and stabilized SS application on Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn in relation to soil type, sewage source, mixing rate and incubation time. Two different SS were mixed with amendments by mixing rates 10 and 25%. These amendments include coal fly ash (CFA), bentonite (B), sugar beet factory lime (SBFL), calcium carbonate, rice straw (RS), water hyacinth (WH), and cotton stalks (CS). Treated and untreated SS had been applied to fluvial and calcareous soil with application rate 2.5% and incubated for one and two month. After incubation, soil samples were analyzed for Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn. Application of SS increased significantly Olsen-P and DTPA extractable Cu and Zn compared to control. Application of stabilized SS increased significantly Olsen-P, with high increasing rate with SBFL and WH-stabilized SS. Stabilized-SS decreased significantly Cu and Zn availability compared to mono SS treatment. Bentonite-, SBFL and CFA-stabilized SS were the highest among inorganic treatments for reducing available Cu and Zn either in fluvial or calcareous soil, while WH and RS-stabilized SS treatment were the most suitable organic ones for reducing DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn. 1. Introduction Waste management is recognized as an important issue in modern societies, and waste recycling is encouraged as an alternative to stockpiling and incineration. The application of sewage sludge or composts of several origins as amendments to agricultural soils is an economically attractive waste management strategy promoted by scientists and regulating organisms and is a common practice since many years [1, 2]. Improvement of soil properties is among the benefits of sewage-sludge application to agricultural land. In association with its high organic matter content, sludge contains also appreciable amounts of macro- and micronutrients with significant fertilizer replacement value [1]. These beneficial effects make sludge application an attractive option for eroded soils of dry Mediterranean climates that usually have low organic matter content. However, land application of SS has been limited by its enriched pathogens and heavy metal contents. Excessive levels of trace elements introduced to soil by SS can lead to elevated uptake of trace elements by plants, which will cause damage to plants and effects on human health upon consumption of crops grown on the soil [3]. So, the study of effective methods for trace element removal from sludge is very important in order to minimize
References
[1]
R. P. Singh and M. Agrawal, “Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge,” Waste Management, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 347–358, 2008.
[2]
C. D. Tsadilas, “Heavy metals forms in biosolids, soils and biosolid—amended soils,” in Dynamics and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in the Rootzone, H. M. Selim, Ed., pp. 271–291, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2011.
[3]
A. Kabata-Pendias, Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 4th edition, 2011.
[4]
D. C. Su and J. W. C. Wong, “Chemical speciation and phytoavailability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soil amended with fly ash-stabilized sewage sludge,” Environment International, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 895–900, 2004.
[5]
USEPA, 40 CFR Part 503: Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA, 1997.
[6]
R. O. Maguire, G. H. Rub？k, B. E. Haggard, and B. H. Foy, “Critical evaluation of the implementation of mitigation options for phosphorus from field to catchment scales,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1989–1997, 2009.
[7]
G. A. O'Connor, D. Sarkar, S. R. Brinton, H. A. Elliott, and F. G. Martin, “Phytoavailability of Biosolids Phosphorus,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 703–712, 2004.
[8]
S. M. Shaheen, C. D. Tsadilas, and S. Stamatiadis, “Inorganic phosphorus forms in some entisols and aridisols of Egypt,” Geoderma, vol. 142, no. 1-2, pp. 217–225, 2007.
[9]
S. M. Shaheen, C. D. Tsadilas, and K. M. Eskridge, “Effect of common ions on phosphorus sorption and lability in Greek alfisols with different pH,” Soil Science, vol. 174, no. 1, pp. 21–26, 2009.
[10]
S. M. Shaheen and C. D. Tsadilas, “Phosphorus sorption and availability to canola grown on an Alfisol amended with various soil amendments,” Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analyses. In press.
[11]
B. J. Alloway, Heavy Metals in Soils, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1995.
[12]
V. Antoniadis, C. D. Tsadilas, and V. Samaras, “Trace element availability in a sewage sludge-amended cotton grown Mediterranean soil,” Chemosphere, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 1308–1313, 2010.
[13]
S. M. Shaheen and C. D. Tsadilas, “Fractionation and bioavailability of trace elements in biosolid amended Alfisol ten years after biosolids application,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Bio-Geochemistry of Trace Elements, Florence, Italy, Joule 2011.
[14]
S. M. Shaheen and C. D. Tsadilas, “Utilization of biosolids in production of bioenergy crops. I: Impact on canola biomass, soil properties and nutrient availability,” Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analyses. In press.
[15]
C. D. Tsadilas and S. M. Shaheen, “Utilization of biosolids in production of bioenergy crops. II: impact of application rate on bioavailability and uptake of heavy metals by canola,” Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analyses. In press.
[16]
R. A. El-Motaium and M. A. Abo El-Seoud, “Irradiated sewage sludge for production of fennel plants in sandy soil,” Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 133–142, 2007.
[17]
Soil Survey Staff, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, USDA-NRCS, Washington, DC, USA, 8th edition, 2010.
[18]
G. W. Thomas, “Soil pH and soil acidity,” in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods, D. L. Sparks, Ed., pp. 491–516, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis, USA, 1996.
[19]
A. Walkley, “A critical examination of a rapid method for determining soil organic matter,” Soil Science, vol. 63, pp. 654–661, 1947.
[20]
S. R. Olsen, C. V. Cale, F. S. Watanabe, and L. A. Dean, “Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate,” USDA Circular 939, 1954.
[21]
J. Murphy and J. P. Riley, “A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 27, pp. 31–36, 1962.
[22]
(USEPA) United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Test methods for evaluating solid wastes,” USEPA SW 846, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
[23]
W. L. Lindsay and W. A. Norvell, “Development DTPA soil test for Zink, iron, nickel, manganese, and copper,” Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 42, pp. 421–428, 1978.
[24]
G. W. Gee and J. W. Bauder, “Particle size analysis,” in Methods of Soil Analysis: Physical and Mineralogy Methods. Part 1, A. Klute, Ed., pp. 383–412, ASA and SSSA, Madison, Wis, USA, 2nd edition, 1986.
[25]
S. M. Shaheen, “Sorption and lability of cadmium and lead in different soils from Egypt and Greece,” Geoderma, vol. 153, no. 1-2, pp. 61–68, 2009.
[26]
European Community, “Council directive of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture: directive 86/276/EEC,” Official Journal of the European Communities L, vol. 181, pp. 6–12, 1986.
[27]
E. D？lsch, B. Deroche, and V. Van de Kerchove, “Impact of sewage sludge spreading on heavy metal speciation in tropical soils (Réunion, Indian Ocean),” Chemosphere, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 286–293, 2006.
[28]
D. C. Adriano, A. L. Page, A. A. Elseewi, A. C. Chang, and I. Straughan, “Utilization and disposal of fly ash and other coal residues in terrestrial ecosystems: a review,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 333–344, 1980.
[29]
D. El-Mogazi, D. J. Lisk, and L. H. Weinstein, “A review of physical, chemical, and biological properties of fly ash and effects on agricultural ecosystems,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 1–37, 1988.
[30]
C. Tsadilas, S. M. Shaheen, V. Samaras, D. Gizas, and Z. Hu, “Influence of fly ash application on Copper and Zinc sorption by acidic soil amended with biosolids,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 40, pp. 168–179, 2009.
[31]
C. D. Tsadilas, S. M. Shaheen, V. Samaras, S. . Tang, and Z. Hu, “Agricultural use of fly ash and sewage sludge and its impact on soil properties and bioavailability of heavy metals to wheat,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis, Santa Rosa, Calif, USA, July 2009.
[32]
S. M. Shaheen and C. D. Tsadilas, “Influence of fly ash and sewage sludge application on cadmium and lead sorption by an acidic Alfisol,” Pedosphere, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 436–445, 2010.
[33]
J. Dutton and J. E. Huijbregts, “Root quality and processing,” in Sugar Beet, A. P. Draycott, Ed., pp. 409–442, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2006.
[34]
S. Criquet and A. Braud, “Effects of organic and mineral amendments on available P and phosphatase activities in a degraded Mediterranean soil under short-term incubation experiment,” Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 164–174, 2008.
[35]
J. W. C. Wong and D. C. Su, “Reutilization of coal fly-ash and sewage sludge as an artificial soil-mix: Effects of preincubation on soil physico-chemical properties,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 59, no. 2-3, pp. 97–102, 1997.
[36]
G. W. Smillie, D. Curtin, and J. K. Syers, “Influence of ex-changeable Ca on phosphate retention in weakly acid soils,” Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1169–1172, 1987.
[37]
A. L. Sims, C. E. Windels, and C. A. Bradley, “Content and potential availability of selected nutrients in field-applied sugar beet factory lime,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 438–453, 2010.
[38]
A. R. A. Usman, Y. Kuzyakov, and K. Stahr, “Effect of clay minerals on extractability of heavy metals and sewage sludge mineralization in soil,” Chemistry and Ecology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 123–135, 2004.
[39]
S. R. Smith, “A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge,” Environment International, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 142–156, 2009.
[40]
L. Kiekens, “Zinc,” in Heavy Metals in Soils, B. J. Alloway, Ed., pp. 284–305, Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK, 2005.
[41]
A. A. Zorpas, V. J. Inglezakis, and M. Loizidou, “Heavy metals fractionation before, during and after composting of sewage sludge with natural zeolite,” Waste Management, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2054–2060, 2008.
[42]
R. Ciccu, M. Ghiani, A. Serci, S. Fadda, R. Peretti, and A. Zucca, “Heavy metal immobilization in the mining-contaminated soils using various industrial wastes,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 187–192, 2003.
[43]
C. D. Tsadilas, S. M. Shaheen, V. Samaras, and Z. Hu, “Influence of fly ash and sewage sludge application on the bioavailability and phytoextraction of heavy metals by Triticum Vulgare grown on acidic Alfisols,” in Proceedings of the Cost Action 859-Meeting of Working Group 4, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, October 2008.
[44]
H. Deng, Z. H. Ye, and M. H. Wong, “Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by 12 wetland plant species thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 29–40, 2004.
[45]
V. K. Mishra and B. D. Tripathi, “Accumulation of chromium and zinc from aqueous solutions using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes),” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 164, no. 2-3, pp. 1059–1063, 2009.
[46]
A. R. A. Usman, Y. Kuzyakov, and K. Stahr, “Effect of immobilizing substances and salinity on heavy metals availability to wheat grown on sewage sludge-contaminated soil,” Soil and Sediment Contamination, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 329–344, 2005.
[47]
Z. Hongling, S. Lina, and S. Tieheng, “Solubility of trace elements and heavy metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 752–756, 2009.
[48]
A. M. Mahdy and E. A. Elkhatib, “Cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead availability in biosolids-amended alkaline soils,” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 354–363, 2007.
[49]
S. M. Shaheen, C. D. Tsadilas, T. Mitsibonas, and M. Tzouvalekas, “Distribution coefficient of Copper in different soils from Egypt and Greece,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 40, no. 1–6, pp. 214–226, 2009.
[50]
L. M. Dudley, J. E. McLean, R. C. Sims, and J. J. Jurinak, “Sorption of copper and cadmium from the water-soluble fraction of an acid mine waste by two calcareous soils,” Soil Science, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 207–214, 1988.
[51]
S. M. Shaheen, Pedo-chemical studies on some Egyptian soils under different depositional environments in relation to their heavy metals content, pollution and remediation [Ph.D. thesis], Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheikh, EGYPT, 2005.
[52]
S. B. Kanungo, “Leaching behavior of various trace metals in aqueous medium from two fly ash samples,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 188–196, 2000.
[53]
L. X. Zhou and J. W. C. Wong, “Effect of dissolved organic matter from sludge and sludge compost on soil copper sorption,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 878–883, 2001.
[54]
G. Murtaza, R. J. Haynes, R. Naidu et al., “Natural attenuation of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in three biosolids-amended soils of contrasting pH measured using rhizon pore water samplers,” Water, Air & Soil Pollution, pp. 1–13, 2011.
