Energy is the basic requirement for the existence of human being in today’s digital world. Indigenous energy of Bangladesh (especially natural gas and diesel) is basically used in power generation and depleting hastily to meet the increasing power demand. Therefore, special emphasis has been given to produce alternative liquid fuel worldwide to overcome the crisis of diesel. Pongamia pinnata (karanja) may be an emerging option for providing biooil for biodiesel production. Although karanja biooil has been used as a source of traditional medicines in Bangladesh, it can also be used for rural illumination. This paper outlines the medical and energy aspects of Pongamia pinnata. It has been assessed that Bangladesh can utilize about 128.95？PJ through Pongamia cultivation in unused lands. The paper reviews the potentiality of Pongamia pinnata as a source of biodiesel and its benefits in Bangladesh. The paper also revives that, about 0.52 million tons of biodiesel can be produced only utilizing the unused lands per year in sustainable basis as it reduces CO2, CO, HC, and NOx emission compared to pure diesel. 1. Introduction Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (family: Leguminosae) is an important nonedible minor oilseed tree [1] that grows in the semiarid regions. It is probably originated from India and grows naturally in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Florida, and Sri Lanka and also in northeastern Australia, Fiji, Japan, and the Philippines [2]. In the USA Pongamia pinnata was introduced into Hawaii in the 1960s by Hillebrand [3]. In Bangladesh it is popularly known as Koroch. It is an adaptable tree for tropical and subtropical regions which requires excellent drainage and a sunny location. In India, billions of karanja trees exist where karanja trees are cultivated commercially and seed is collected from December to April. However, in Bangladesh it is not cultivated commercially yet. In India, one person can collect 180？kg of seeds in 8 hours of a day where the collection cost is INR 4 per kg [4]. 1.1. Classification ？Kingdom: Plantae？Division: Magnoliophyta？Class: Magnoliopsida？Order: Fabales？Family: Leguminosae？Genus: Pongamia？Species: pinnataSource: [5] 1.2. Botanic and Chemical Characteristics Pongamia pinnata (chromosome number: 22) is a very fast-growing medium size plant with an average height of 30–40？feet and spreads canopy for casting moderate shade. Pongamia pinnata has a varied habitat distribution and can grow in a wide range of conditions. It can grow in various types of soil like salty, alkaline, hefty clay,
References
[1]
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wealth of India-Raw Material, vol. 8, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, 1965.
[2]
N. Mukta and Y. Sreevalli, “Propagation techniques, evaluation and improvement of the biodiesel plant, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre-A review,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2010.
[3]
World Agroforestry Centre (WAC), 2013, http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1332#Addinfo.
[4]
Satish Lele, http://www.svlele.com/karanj.htm.
[5]
S. Sangwan, D. V. Rao, and R. A. Sharma, “A review on Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre: a great versatile leguminous plant,” Nature and Science, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 130–139, 2010.
[6]
Petroleum Conservation Research Association, “National Biofuel Centre,” 2013, http://www.pcra-biofuels.org/Karanj.htm.
[7]
The ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), 2013, http://www.cilr.uq.edu.au/UserImages/File/Posters/Pongamia%20Biodiesel%20Poster.pdf.
[8]
V. Lakshmikanthan, “Tree Borne Oilseeds. Directorate of Nonedible Oils & Soap Industry, Khadi & Village Industries Commission,” Mumbai, India, 1978.
[9]
N. V. Bringi, Non-Traditional Oilseeds and Oils in India, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, India, 1987.
[10]
The National Oilseed and Vegetable Oils Development Board (NOVOD), “Commercial exploitation of Simarouba glauca,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on Strategies for Development of Tree-Borne Oilseeds and Niger in Tribal Areas, Gurgaon, India, 1995.
[11]
E. H. Roberts, Ed., In Viability of Seeds, Chapman and Hall, London, Uk, 1972.
[12]
T. D. Hong and R. H. Ellis, A Protocol to Determine Seed Storage Behaviour, IPGRI Technical Bulletin 1, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, 1996.
[13]
National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board, 2013.
[14]
C. M. Misra and S. L. Singh, “Coppice regeneration of Cassia siamea and Pongamia pinnata,” Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 4, 1989.
[15]
A. K. Handa and D. Nandini, “An alternative source of biofuel, seed germination trials of Pongamia pinnata,” International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 75–80, 2005.
[16]
K. P. Singh, G. Dhakre, and S. V. S. Chauhan, “Effect of mechanical and chemical treatments on seed germination in Pongamia glabra L,” Seed Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 169–171, 2005.
[17]
V. Manonmani, K. Vanangamudi, and R. S. Vinaya Rai, “Effect of seed size on seed germination and vigour in Pongamia pinnata,” Journal of Tropical Forest Science, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 1996.
[18]
D. K. Das and M. K. Alam, Trees of Bangladesh, Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2001.
[19]
NAS, Irewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production, vol. 1, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA, 1980.
[20]
Government of India (GOI), Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees, vol. 4, Leguminosae. Government of India Press, Nasik, India, 1983.
[21]
O. N. Allen and E. K. Allen, The Leguminosae, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
[22]
J. H. Burkill, “Dictionary of economic products of the Malay penimsula,” The Indian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 166–168, 1996.
[23]
V. Kesari, A. Das, and L. Rangan, “Physico-chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity from seed oil of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biofuel crop,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 108–115, 2010.
[24]
Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3207/5/05_chapter%201.pdf.
[25]
Pongamia pinnata, 2013.
[26]
P. K. Warrier, V. P. K. Nambiar, and C. Ramakutty, Indian Medicinal Plants, Orient Longman, Madras, India, 1995.
[27]
G. Prasad and M. V. Reshmi, A Manual of Medicinal Trees, Propagation Methods. Foundation for Revitalization for Local Health Tradition, Agrobios India, 2003.
C. Collins, “Implementing phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons,” in Methods in Biotechnology, vol. 23, pp. 99–108, Humana Press, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
[31]
P. K. Halder, M. U. H. Joardder, M. R. A. Beg, N. Paul, and I. Ullah, “Utilization of Bio-Oil for cooking and lighting,” Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2012, Article ID 190518, 5 pages, 2012.
[32]
P. Mahanta and A. Shrivastava, Technology Development of Bio-Diesel as an Energy Alternative, Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, 2004.
[33]
M. N. Nabi, M. S. Akhter, and K. M. F. Islam, “Prospect of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas, a promising non edible oil seed in Bangladesh,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME '07), Paper no. ICME07-TH-06, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2007.
[34]
B. K. Barnwal and M. P. Sharma, “Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 363–378, 2005.
[35]
“Renewables 2012,” Global Status Report REN21, 2012.
[36]
A. Zhou and E. Thomson, “The development of biofuels in Asia,” Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp. S11–S20, 2009.
[37]
N. Sazdanoff, Modeling and simulation of the algae to biodiesel fuel cycle [Undergraduate thesis], Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2006.
[38]
S. N. Bobade and V. B. Khyade, “Detail study on the properties of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) for the production of biofuel,” Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 16–20, 2012.
[39]
C. E. Goering, A. W. Schwab, M. J. Daugherty, E. H. Pryde, and A. J. Heakin, “Fuel properties of eleven vegetable oils,” ASAE Paper Number 813579, St. Joseph, Mich, USA, ASAE, 1981.
[40]
M. Senthil Kumar, A. Ramesh, and B. Nagalingam, “Investigations on the use of Jatropha oil and its methyl ester as a fuel in a compression ignition engine,” Journal of the Institute of Energy, vol. 74, no. 498, pp. 24–28, 2001.
[41]
A. K. Agarwal, “Vegetable oils versus diesel fuel: development and use of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine,” TIDE, vol. 83, pp. 191–204, 1998.
[42]
S. Sinha and N. C. Misra, “Diesel fuel alternative from vegetable oils,” Chemical Engineering World, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 77–80, 1997.
[43]
A. Shaheed and E. Swain, “Combustion analysis of coconut oil and its methyl esters in a diesel engine,” Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 213, no. 5, pp. 417–425, 1999.
[44]
U. Shrinivasa, “A viable substitute for diesel in rural India,” Current Science Magazine, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 1483–1484, 2001.
[45]
S. Dhinagar and B. Nagalingam, “Experimental investigation on non-edible vegetable oil operation in a LHR diesel engine for improved performance,” SAE 932846, 1993.
[46]
M. M. Azam, A. Waris, and N. M. Nahar, “Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 293–302, 2005.
[47]
B. K. De and D. K. Bhattacharyya, “Biodiesel from minor vegetable oils like karanja oil and nahor oil,” Lipid/Fett, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 404–406, 1999.
[48]
S. K. Karmee and A. Chadha, “Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 96, no. 13, pp. 1425–1429, 2005.
[49]
Y. C. Sharma and B. Singh, “Development of biodiesel from karanja, a tree found in rural India,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 8-9, pp. 1740–1742, 2008.
[50]
M. Naik, L. C. Meher, S. N. Naik, and L. M. Das, “Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 354–357, 2008.
[51]
P. T. Scott, L. Pregelj, N. Chen, J. S. Hadler, M. A. Djordjevic, and P. M. Gresshoff, “Pongamia pinnata: an untapped resource for the biofuels industry of the future,” BioEnergy Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2–11, 2008.
[52]
M. N. Nabi, S. M. N. Hoque, and M. S. Akhter, “Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) biodiesel production in Bangladesh, characterization of karanja biodiesel and its effect on diesel emissions,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 1080–1086, 2009.
[53]
S. Khandelwal and R. Y. Chauhan, “Life cycle assessment of Neem and Karanja biodiesel: an overview,” International Journal of ChemTech Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 659–665, 2013.
[54]
S. R. Kalbande, S. N. Pawar, and S. B. Jadhav, “Production of Karanja biodiesel and its utilization in diesel engine generator set for power generation,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 680–683, 2007.
M. N. Nabi, S. M. N. Hoque, and M. S. Uddin, “Prospect of Jatropha curcas and pithraj cultivation in Bangladesh,” Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 41–54, 2009.
[57]
J. A. Duke, “Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre,” 2013, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pongamia_pinnata.html.
[58]
Heather Richman, “Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit,” 2012, http://www.ct-si.org/events/APCE2012/sld/pdf/30.pdf.
[59]
S. S. Karhale, R. G. Nadre, D. K. Das, and S. K. Dash, “Studies on comparative performance of a compression ignition engine with different blends of biodiesel and diesel under varying operating conditions,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 21, pp. 246–249, 2008.
[60]
L. G. Schumacher, S. C. Borgelt, D. Fosseen, W. Goetz, and W. G. Hires, “Heavy-duty engine exhaust emission tests using methyl ester soybean oil/diesel fuel blends,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 1996.
[61]
H. Aydin and H. Bayindir, “Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 588–592, 2010.
[62]
H. Hazar, “Effects of biodiesel on a low heat loss diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1533–1540, 2009.
[63]
A. N. Ozsezen, M. Canakci, A. Turkcan, and C. Sayin, “Performance and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oil methyl esters,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 629–636, 2009.
[64]
Z. Utlu and M. S. Ko？ak, “The effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste frying oil on direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1936–1941, 2008.
[65]
H. ？zgünay, S. ？olak, G. Zengin, ？. Sari, H. Sarikahya, and L. Yüceer, “Performance and emission study of biodiesel from leather industry pre-fleshings,” Waste Management, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1897–1901, 2007.
[66]
H. Raheman and A. G. Phadatare, “Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel,” Biomass & Bioenergy, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 393–397, 2004.
[67]
Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekin, M. ？etinkaya, and F. Karaosmano？lu, “The engine tests of biodiesel from used frying oil,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 927–932, 2004.
[68]
E. Buyukkaya, “Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 3099–3105, 2010.
[69]
S. H. Choi and Y. Oh, “The emission effects by the use of biodiesel fuel,” International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol. 20, no. 25-27, pp. 4481–4487, 2006.
[70]
M. Karabektas, “The effects of turbocharger on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 989–993, 2009.
[71]
S. Murillo, J. L. Míguez, J. Porteiro, E. Granada, and J. C. Morán, “Performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 12-13, pp. 1765–1771, 2007.
[72]
A. C. Hansen, M. R. Gratton, and W. Yuan, “Diesel engine performance and NOx emissions from oxygenated biofuels and blends with diesel fuel,” Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 589–595, 2006.
[73]
C. Carraretto, A. Macor, A. Mirandola, A. Stoppato, and S. Tonon, “Biodiesel as alternative fuel: experimental analysis and energetic evaluations,” Energy, vol. 29, no. 12–15, pp. 2195–2211, 2004.
[74]
C. Kaplan, R. Arslan, and A. Sürmen, “Performance characteristics of sunflower methyl esters as biodiesel,” Energy Sources A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 751–755, 2006.
[75]
J. F. Reyes and M. A. Sepulveda, “PM-10 emissions and power of a diesel engine fueled with crude and refined Biodiesel from salmon oil,” Fuel, vol. 85, no. 12-13, pp. 1714–1723, 2006.
[76]
M. ？etinkaya, Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekìn, and F. Karaosmano？lu, “Engine and winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 7-8, pp. 1279–1291, 2005.
[77]
Y.-C. Lin, W.-J. Lee, T.-S. Wu, and C.-T. Wang, “Comparison of PAH and regulated harmful matter emissions from biodiesel blends and paraffinic fuel blends on engine accumulated mileage test,” Fuel, vol. 85, no. 17-18, pp. 2516–2523, 2006.
[78]
F. Neto da Silva, A. S. Prata, and J. R. Teixeira, “Technical feasibility assessment of oleic sunflower methyl ester utilisation in Diesel bus engines,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 44, no. 18, pp. 2857–2878, 2003.
[79]
H. S. Yücesu and C. Ilkili？, “Effect of cotton seed oil methyl ester on the performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine,” Energy Sources A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 389–398, 2006.
[80]
B.-F. Lin, J.-H. Huang, and D.-Y. Huang, “Experimental study of the effects of vegetable oil methyl ester on DI diesel engine performance characteristics and pollutant emissions,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1779–1785, 2009.
[81]
D. H. Qi, L. M. Geng, H. Chen, Y. Z. Bian, J. Liu, and X. C. Ren, “Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2706–2713, 2009.
[82]
M. Lapuerta, J. M. Herreros, L. L. Lyons, R. García-Contreras, and Y. Brice？o, “Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 15-16, pp. 3161–3169, 2008.
[83]
A. Keskin, M. Gürü, and D. Altiparmak, “Influence of tall oil biodiesel with Mg and Mo based fuel additives on diesel engine performance and emission,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 6434–6442, 2008.
[84]
B. Ghobadian, H. Rahimi, A. M. Nikbakht, G. Najafi, and T. F. Yusaf, “Diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using waste cooking biodiesel fuel with an artificial neural network,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 976–982, 2009.
[85]
J.-T. Song and C.-H. Zhang, “An experimental study on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with soybean oil methyl ester,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 222, no. 12, pp. 2487–2496, 2008.
[86]
M. I. Al-Widyan, G. Tashtoush, and M. Abu-Qudais, “Utilization of ethyl ester of waste vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 91–103, 2002.
[87]
N. Shrivastava, S. N. Varma, and M. Pandey, “Experimental study on the production of Karanja oil methyl ester and its effect on diesel engine,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 115–122, 2012.
[88]
H. Dharmadhikari, P. R. Kumar, and S. S. Rao, “Performance and emissions of CI engine using blends of biodiesel and diesel at different injection pressures,” International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–6, 2012.
[89]
Y. Singh, A. Singla, and N. Lohani, “Production of biodiesel from oils of Jatropha, Karanja and performance analysis on CI engine,” International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 286–294, 2013.
[90]
M. V. Nagarhalli, V. M. Nandedkar, and K. C. Mohite, “Emission and performance characteristics of karanja biodiesel and its blends in a CI engine and its economics,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 52–56, 2010.
[91]
N. Panigrahi, M. K. Mohanty, and A. K. Pradhan, “Non-edible Karanja biodiesel—a sustainable fuel for C.I. engine,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 853–860, 2012.
[92]
P. K. Sahoo, L. M. Das, M. K. G. Babu, and S. N. Naik, “Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine,” Fuel, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 448–454, 2007.
[93]
C.-Y. Lin and H.-A. Lin, “Engine performance and emission characteristics of a three-phase emulsion of biodiesel produced by peroxidation,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2007.
[94]
A. S. Ramadhas, C. Muraleedharan, and S. Jayaraj, “Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil,” Renewable Energy, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1789–1800, 2005.
[95]
M. Canakci, “Performance and emissions characteristics of biodiesel from soybean oil,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 219, no. 7, pp. 915–922, 2005.
[96]
G. Fontaras, G. Karavalakis, M. Kousoulidou, et al., “Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1608–1617, 2009.
[97]
S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, and B. V. B. Ram, “Performance and emission study of Mahua oil (madhuca indica oil) ethyl ester in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1269–1278, 2005.
[98]
G. Labeckas and S. Slavinskas, “The effect of rapeseed oil methyl ester on direct injection Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, no. 13-14, pp. 1954–1967, 2006.
O. Armas, K. Yehliu, and A. L. Boehman, “Effect of alternative fuels on exhaust emissions during diesel engine operation with matched combustion phasing,” Fuel, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 438–456, 2010.
[101]
H. Kim and B. Choi, “The effect of biodiesel and bioethanol blended diesel fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 157–163, 2010.
[102]
X. Meng, G. Chen, and Y. Wang, “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 89, no. 9, pp. 851–857, 2008.
[103]
A. Hull, I. Golubkov, B. Kronberg, and J. Van Stam, “Alternative fuel for a standard diesel engine,” International Journal of Engine Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 51–63, 2006.
[104]
M. Gumus and S. Kasifoglu, “Performance and emission evaluation of a compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 134–139, 2010.
[105]
D. Sharma, S. L. Soni, and J. Mathur, “Emission reduction in a direct injection diesel engine fueled by neem-diesel blend,” Energy Sources A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 500–508, 2009.
[106]
M. Gürü, A. Koca, ？. Can, C. ？inar, and F. ？ahin, “Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 637–643, 2010.
[107]
J. M. Luján, V. Bermúdez, B. Tormos, and B. Pla, “Comparative analysis of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European MVEG-A cycle: performance and emissions (II),” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 33, no. 6-7, pp. 948–956, 2009.
[108]
M. A. Kalam and H. H. Masjuki, “Testing palm biodiesel and NPAA additives to control NOx and CO while improving efficiency in diesel engines,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1116–1122, 2008.
[109]
S. Godiganur, C. Suryanarayana Murthy, and R. P. Reddy, “Performance and emission characteristics of a Kirloskar HA394 diesel engine operated on fish oil methyl esters,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 355–359, 2010.
[110]
S. Godiganur, C. H. S. Murthy, and R. P. Reddy, “6BTA 5.9 G2-1 cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2172–2177, 2009.
[111]
S. J. Deshmukh and L. B. Bhuyar, “Transesterified Hingan (Balanites) oil as a fuel for compression ignition engines,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 108–112, 2009.
[112]
D. M. Korres, D. Karonis, E. Lois, M. B. Linck, and A. K. Gupta, “Aviation fuel JP-5 and biodiesel on a diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 70–78, 2008.
[113]
N. Usta, “Use of tobacco seed oil methyl ester in a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 77–86, 2005.
[114]
M. S. Kumar, A. Ramesh, and B. Nagalingam, “A comparison of the different methods of using jatropha oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 132, no. 3, Article ID 032801, pp. 32801–32811, 2010.
[115]
N. R. Banapurmath, P. G. Tewari, and R. S. Hosmath, “Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters,” Renewable Energy, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1982–1988, 2008.
[116]
N. R. Banapurmath and P. G. Tewari, “Performance of a low heat rejection engine fuelled with low volatile Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME),” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 222, no. 3, pp. 323–330, 2008.
[117]
P. K. Sahoo, L. M. Das, M. K. G. Babu, et al., “Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine,” Fuel, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1698–1707, 2009.
[118]
M. A. R. Nascimento, E. S. Lora, P. S. P. Correa et al., “Biodiesel fuel in diesel micro-turbine engines: modelling and experimental evaluation,” Energy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 233–240, 2008.
[119]
A. Pal, A. Verma, S. S. Kachhwaha, and S. Maji, “Biodiesel production through hydrodynamic cavitation and performance testing,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 619–624, 2010.
[120]
L. Zhu, W. Zhang, W. Liu, and Z. Huang, “Experimental study on particulate and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 5, pp. 1050–1058, 2010.
[121]
K. Ryu, “The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. S78–S82, 2010.
[122]
D. Agarwal, S. Sinha, and A. K. Agarwal, “Experimental investigation of control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 2356–2369, 2006.
[123]
S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, B. V. B. Ram, G. Sankarnarayanan, and K. Jeychandran, “Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica seed oil) methyl ester as biodiesel-preparation and emission characterstics,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 87–93, 2005.
[124]
L. Turrio-Baldassarri, C. L. Battistelli, L. Conti, et al., “Emission comparison of urban bus engine fueled with diesel oil and “biodiesel” blend,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 327, no. 1–3, pp. 147–162, 2004.
[125]
D. H. Qi, H. Chen, L. M. Geng, and Y. Z. Bian, “Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics and performance of a direct injection engine fueled with biodiesel/diesel blends,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 2985–2992, 2010.
[126]
C. S. Cheung, L. Zhu, and Z. Huang, “Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, no. 32, pp. 4865–4872, 2009.
[127]
A. Tsolakis, A. Megaritis, M. L. Wyszynski, and K. Theinnoi, “Engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on diesel-RME (rapeseed methyl ester) blends with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation),” Energy, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 2072–2080, 2007.
[128]
N. Usta, “An experimental study on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 15-16, pp. 2373–2386, 2005.
[129]
N. Usta, E. ？ztürk, ？. Can et al., “Combustion of bioDiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a Diesel engine,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 741–755, 2005.
[130]
N. R. Banapurmath, P. G. Tewari, and R. S. Hosmath, “Effect of biodiesel derived from Honge oil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in single-cylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 223, pp. 31–40, 2009.
[131]
M. P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, J. M. Arnal, J. Gómez, and F. J. López, “Exhaust emissions from a diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil,” Fuel, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1311–1316, 2003.
[132]
B. Baiju, M. K. Naik, and L. M. Das, “A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1616–1621, 2009.
[133]
S. Kalligeros, F. Zannikos, S. Stournas et al., “An investigation of using biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary diesel engine,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 141–149, 2003.
[134]
M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballesteros, and J. Fernández, “Diesel emissions from biofuels derived from Spanish potential vegetable oils,” Fuel, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 773–780, 2005.
[135]
K. Dincer, “Lower emissions from biodiesel combustion,” Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 963–968, 2008.
[136]
R. Ballesteros, J. J. Hernández, L. L. Lyons, B. Caba？as, and A. Tapia, “Speciation of the semivolatile hydrocarbon engine emissions from sunflower biodiesel,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 10-11, pp. 1835–1843, 2008.
[137]
P. Mahanta, S. Mishra, and Y. Kushwah, “A comparative study of pongamia pinnata and jatropha curcus oil as diesel substitute,” International Energy Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2006.
[138]
M. S. Uddin, M. U. H. Joardder, and M. N. Islam, “Design and construction of fixed bed pyrolysis system and plum seed pyrolysis for bio-oil production,” International Journal of Advanced Renewable Energy Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 405–409, 2012.
[139]
M. Kader, M. U. H. Joardder, M. R. Islam, B. K. Das, and M. M. Hasan, “Production of liquid fuel and activated carbon from mahogany seed by using pyrolysis technology,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME '11), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 2011.
[140]
M. U. H. Joardder, M. R. Islam, and M. R. A. Beg, “Pyrolysis of coconut shell for bio-oil,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME '11), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 2011.
[141]
K. Annamalai and I. K. Puri, Combustion Science and Engineering, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA, 2006.
R. G. Andrews and P. C. Patniak, “Feasibility of utilizing a biomass derived fuel for industrial gas turbine applications,” in Bio-Oil Production & Utilization, A. V. Bridgwater and E. N. Hogan, Eds., pp. 236–245, CPL Press, Berkshire, UK, 1996.
[144]
F. Rick and U. Vix, “Product standards for pyrolysis products for use as fuel in industrial firing plants,” in Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization, A. V. Bridgwater and G. Grassi, Eds., Elsevier, London, UK, 1991.
[145]
Subbarao, Gasification of De-Oiled Cakes of Jatropha and Pongamia Seeds, 2010.
[146]
J. A. Neto, R. S. Cruz, J. M. Alves, M. Pires, S. Robra, and E. Parente Jr., “Energy balance of ester methyl and ethyl of castor oil plant oil,” in Proceedings of the Brazilian Congress of Castor Oil Plant, Campina Grande, Brazil, 2004.
[147]
“Carbon emissions from burning biomass for energy,” http://www.pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/PFPI-biomass-carbon-accounting-overview_April.pdf.
[148]
T. Thamsiriroj and J. D. Murphy, “Is it better to import palm oil from Thailand to produce biodiesel in Ireland than to produce biodiesel from indigenous Irish rape seed?” Applied Energy, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 595–604, 2009.
