Heat and mass transfer in the boundary-layer flow of unsteady viscous nanofluid along a vertical stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic field, thermal radiation, heat generation, and chemical reaction are presented in this paper. The sheet is situated in the xz-plane and y is normal to the surface directing towards the positive y-axis. The sheet is continuously stretching in the positive x-axis and the external magnetic field is applied to the system parallel to the positive y-axis. With the help of similarity transformations, the partial differential equations are transformed into a couple of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The new problem is then solved numerically by a finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. Effects of the necessary parameters in the flow field are explicitly studied and briefly explained graphically and in tabular form. For the selected values of the pertinent parameters appearing in the governing equations, numerical results of velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are obtained. The results are compared to the works of others (from previously published journals) and they are found in excellent agreement. 1. Introduction The flow over a stretching surface is an important problem in many engineering processes with applications in industries such as extrusion, melt-spinning, hot rolling, wire drawing, glass-fiber production, manufacture of plastic and rubber sheets, and cooling of a large metallic plate in a bath, which may be an electrolyte. In industry, polymer sheets and filaments are manufactured by continuous extrusion of the polymer from a die to a windup roller, which is located at a finite distance away. The thin polymer sheet constitutes a continuously moving surface with a nonuniform velocity through an ambient fluid [1]. Bachok et al. [2] studied boundary layer flow of nanofluids over a moving surface in a flowing fluid and, moreover, a study on boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet with a convective boundary condition was conducted by Makinde and Aziz [3]. Olanrewaju et al. [4] examined boundary layer flow of nanofluids over a moving surface in a flowing fluid in the presence of radiation. An analysis of mixed convection heat transfer from a vertical continuously stretching sheet has been presented by Chen [5]. In many practical situations the material moving in a quiescent fluid is due to the fluid flow induced by the motion of the solid material and/or by the thermal buoyancy. Therefore, the resulting
References
[1]
H. S. Takhar, A. J. Chamkha, and G. Nath, “Unsteady three-dimensional MHD-boundary-layer flow due to the impulsive motion of a stretching surface,” Acta Mechanica, vol. 146, no. 1-2, pp. 59–71, 2001.
[2]
N. Bachok, A. Ishak, and I. Pop, “Boundary-layer flow of nanofluids over a moving surface in a flowing fluid,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1663–1668, 2010.
[3]
O. D. Makinde and A. Aziz, “Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet with a convective boundary condition,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 1326–1332, 2011.
[4]
P. O. Olanrewaju, M. A. Olanrewaju, and A. O. Adesanya, “Boundary layer flow of nanofluids over a moving surface in a flowing fluid in the presence of radiation,” International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 274–282, 2012.
[5]
C.-H. Chen, “Laminar mixed convection adjacent to vertical, continuously stretching sheets,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, no. 5-6, pp. 471–476, 1998.
[6]
K. Vajravelu, K. V. Prasad, and C.-O. Ng, “Unsteady convective boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid at a vertical surface with variable fluid properties,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 455–464, 2013.
[7]
T. S. Chen and F. A. Strobel, “Buoyancy effects in boundary layer adjacent to a continuous moving horizontal flat plate,” Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 170–172, 1980.
[8]
M. V. Karwe and Y. Jaluria, “Numerical simulation of thermal transport associated with a continuously moving flat sheet in materials processing,” Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 612–619, 1991.
[9]
M. E. Ali, “The buoyancy effects on the boundary layers induced by continuous surfaces stretched with rapidly decreasing velocities,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 40, no. 3-4, pp. 285–291, 2004.
[10]
P. Dulal and M. Hiranmoy, “Non-Darcian buoyancy driven heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet in a porous medium with radiation and ohmic heating,” International Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 115–123, 2012.
[11]
E. M. Abo-Eldahab and M. A. El Aziz, “Blowing/suction effect on hydromagnetic heat transfer by mixed convection from an inclined continuously stretching surface with internal heat generation/absorption,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 709–719, 2004.
[12]
M. Ali and F. Al-Yousef, “Laminar mixed convection from a continuously moving vertical surface with suction or injection,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 301–306, 1998.
[13]
M. Ali and F. Al-Yousef, “Laminar mixed convection boundary layers induced by a linearly stretching permeable surface,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 4241–4250, 2002.
[14]
M. S. Khan, I. Karim, L. E. Ali, and A. Islam, “Unsteady MHD free convection boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid along a stretching sheet with thermal radiation and viscous dissipation effects,” International Nano Letters, vol. 2, article 24, 2012.
[15]
T. Poornima and N. Bhaskar Reddy, “Radiation effects on MHD free convective boundary layer flow of nanofluids over a nonlinear stretching sheet,” Advances in Applied Science Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 190–202, 2013.
[16]
M. A. Hamad, I. Pop, and A. I. Ismail, “Magnetic field effects on free convection flow of a nanofluid past a vertical semi-infinite flat plate,” Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1338–1346, 2011.
[17]
V. Rajesh, “Radiation effects on MHD free convective flow near a vertical plate with ramped wall temperature,” International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 60–77, 2010.
[18]
A. Raptis, “Free convective oscillatory flow and mass transfer past a porous plate in the presence of radiation for an optically thin fluid,” Thermal Science, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 849–857, 2011.
[19]
K. Jafar, R. Nazar, A. Ishak, and I. Pop, “MHD flow and heat transfer over stretching/shrinking sheets with external magnetic field, viscous dissipation and Joule effects,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 1336–1346, 2012.
[20]
M. Gnaneswara Reddy, “Influence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and hall current on MHD convection flow over a stretched vertical flat plate,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 169–175, 2014.
[21]
K. Vajravelu and A. Hadjinicolaou, “Heat transfer in a viscous fluid over a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and internal heat generation,” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 417–430, 1993.
[22]
F. M. Hady, F. S. Ibrahim, S. M. Abdel-Gaied, and M. R. Eid, “Radiation effect on viscous flow of a nanofluid and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching sheet,” Nanoscale Research Letters, vol. 7, article 229, 2012.
[23]
A. Postelnicu, “Influence of chemical reaction on heat and mass transfer by natural convection from vertical surfaces in porous media considering Soret and Dufour effects,” Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 595–602, 2007.
[24]
M. Shakhaoath Khan, I. Karim, and M. Sirajul Islam, “Possessions of chemical reaction on MHD heat and mass transfer nanofluid flow on a continuously moving surface,” The American Chemical Science Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 401–415, 2014.
[25]
R. Kandasamy and P. G. Palanimani, “Effects of chemical reactions, heat, and mass transfer on nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow over a wedge with a porous medium in the presence of ohmic heating and viscous dissipation,” Journal of Porous Media, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 489–501, 2007.
[26]
L. J. Grubka and K. M. Bobba, “Heat transfer characteristics of a continuous, stretching surface with variable temperature,” Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 248–250, 1985.
[27]
A. Ishak, R. Nazar, and I. Pop, “Boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching vertical surface,” Meccanica, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 369–375, 2009.
[28]
K. Vendabai and G. Sarojamma, “Unsteady convective boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a stretching surface in the presence of a magnetic field and heat generation,” International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 214–230, 2014.
[29]
J. Buongiorno, “Convective transport in nanofluids,” Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 240–250, 2006.
[30]
F. M. Hady, R. E. Mohamed, and M. A. Ahmed, “A nanofluid flow in a non-linear stretching surface saturated in a porous medium with yield stress effect,” Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences Letters, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 43–51, 2014.
[31]
T. Cebeci and P. Bradshaw, Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat Transfer, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1988.
[32]
M. Goyal and R. Bhargava, “Numerical solution of MHD viscoelastic nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with partial slip and heat source/sink,” ISRN Nanotechnology, vol. 2013, Article ID 931021, 11 pages, 2013.