Our objectives were to measure glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) concentrations in the milk and blood of lactating Holstein cows, as well as milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) throughout different stages of lactation. Samples were collected from 21 cows in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 10th months of lactation. It analyzed Gln and Glu in the blood and Gln, Glu, lactose, fat, protein and somatic cells in the milk. Also, it measured Gln and Glu in blood from these dairy cows’ calves. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, T-test and Tukey’s test, with a 5% significance level. There was a difference in blood [Gln] in from dairy cows (P < 0.05), with lost concentration observed at 2nd (~0.181 μmol/mL) and 5th (~0.190 μmol/mL) months of lactation and the highest at 10th month (~0.276 μmol/mL). Also there was a higher protein content in the 5th and 10th months of lactation (~3.61% each) when compared to the other months (P < 0.05). There was no difference in calves’ parameters and in all others parameters from dairy cows. We concluded that the lactation period produced a significant interference in blood [Gln] but not in milk [Gln] which may indicate increase in utilization or decrease in production of this amino acids during lactation in these cows under tropical conditions.
References
[1]
Davis, T.A., Nguyen, H.V., Garcia-Bravo, R., Fiorotto, M.L., Jacksonz, E.M. and Reeds, P.J. (1994) Amino Acid Composition of the Milk of Some Mammalian Species Changes with Stage of Lactation. British Journal of Nutrition, 72, 845-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN19940089
[2]
Clowes, E.J., Aherne, F.X., Schaefer, A.L., Foxcroft, G.R. and Baracos, V.E. (2003) Parturition Body Size and Body Protein Loss during Lactation Influence Performance during Lactation and Ovarian Function at Weaning in First Parity Sows. Journal of Animal Science, 81, 1517-1528.
[3]
Chilliard, Y., Remond, B., Sauvant, D. and Vermorel, M. (1983) Particularités du Métabolisme Energetique. In: Par- ticularités Nutritionnelles des Vaches a Haut Potentiel de Production. Bulletin Technique CRZV, 53, 37-64.
[4]
Meijer, G.A.L., Van Der Meulen, J., Bakker, J.G.M., Van Der Koelen, C.J. and Van Vuuren, A.M. (1995) Free Amino Acids in Plasma and Muscle of High Yielding Dairy Cows in Early Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 1131- 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76730-3
[5]
Albertini, S.M. and Ruiz, M.A. (2001) The Role of Glutamine in Nutritional Therapy in Bone Marrow Transplant. Brazilian Journal of Hematology and Hemotherapy, 23, 41-47.
[6]
Walsh, N.P., Blannin, A.K., Robson, P.J. and Gleeson, M. (1998) Glutamine, Exercise and Immune Function: Links and Possible Mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 26, 177-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826030-00004
[7]
Rogerio, M.M. and Tirapegui, J.O. (2003) Nutritional and Biochemical Considerations of Glutamine Supplementation in Athletes: Controversies and Current Aspects. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 7, 106-117.
[8]
Lago, E.P., Pires, A.V., Susin, I., Faria, V.P. and Lago, L.A. (2001) Effect of Body Condition Score at Calving on Energy Metabolism, Milk Yield and Disease Occurrence in Postpartum of Dairy Cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30, 1544-1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982001000600023
[9]
Manso Filho, H.C., Mckeever, K.H., Gordon, M.E., Costa, H.E.C., Lagakos, W.S. and Watford, M. (2008) Changes in Glutamine Metabolism Indicate a Mild Catabolic State in the Transition Mare. Journal Animal Science, 86, 3424-3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.20080-1054
[10]
Doepel, L., Lessard, M., Gagnon, N., Lobley, G.E., Bernier, J.F., Dubreuil, P. and Lapierre, H. (2006) Effect of Post-Ruminal Glutamine Supplementation on Immune Response and Milk Production in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3107-3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72585-1
[11]
Manso, H.E.C.C.C., Manso Filho, H., Carvalho, L.C., Kutschenk, M., Nogueira, E.T. and Walford, M. (2012) Gluta- mine and Glutamate Supplementation Raise Milk Glutamine Concentrations in Lactating Gilts. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 3, 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-3-2
[12]
Watford, M., Kutschenko, M. and Nogueira, E.T. (2011) Optimal Dietary Glutamine for Growth and Development. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40, 384-390.
[13]
Plaizier, J.C., Walton, J.P. and Mcbride, B.W. (2001) Effect of Post-Ruminal Infusion of Glutamine on Plasma Amino Acids, Milk Yield and Composition in Lactating Dairy Cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 81, 229-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/A00-073
[14]
Zavarize, K.C., Menten, J.F.M., Traldi, A.B., Santarosa, J. and Silva, C.L.S. (2010) Administration of Glutamine in the Nutrition of Monogastric Animals. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias, 105, 5-10.
[15]
Wu, G., Knabe, D.A., Yan, W. and Flynn, N.E. (1995) Glutamine and Glucose Metabolism in Enterocytes of the Neonatal Pig. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 268, R334-R342.
[16]
Eigel, W.N., Butler, J.E., Ernstrom, C.A., Farrell, H.M., Harwalkar, J.R.V.R., Jenness, R. and Whitney, R. (1984) Nomenclature of Proteins of Cow’s Milk: Fifth Revision. Journal of Dairy Science, 67, 1599-1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81485-X
[17]
Ziegler, T.R., Bazargan, N., Leader, L.M. and Martindale, R. (2000) Glutamine and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 3, 355-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075197-200009000-00005
[18]
Noro, G., González, F.H.D., Campos, R. and Dürr, J.W. (2006) Effects of Environmental Factors on Milk Yield and Composition of Dairy Herds Assisted by Cooperatives in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35, 1129-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000400026
[19]
Jobim, C.C., Ferreira, G.A., Santos, G.T., Cecato, U. and Damasceno, J.C. (2002) Milk Production and Composition in Dutch Breed Cows Fed with Alfafa and Tifton-85 Hay and Corn Silage. Acta Scientiarum, 24, 1039-1043.
[20]
Prata, L.F. and Fukuda, R.T. (2001) Fundamentos da Ciência do Leite. Unesp-Editora Universitária, Jaboticabal.
[21]
Gonzalez, F.H.D., Dürr, J.W. and Fontaneli, R.S. (2001) Uso do Leite para Monitorar a Nutrição e o Metabolismo de Vacas Leiteiras. Editora da UFRGS, Porto Alegre.
[22]
Brazil (2011) Instrução normativa no 62, de 29 de dezembro de 2011. Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade de Leite Cru Refrigerado. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Diário Oficial da União, Seção 1, Brasília, 6-11.
[23]
Pereira, A.R., Machado, P.F. and Barancelli, G. (1997) Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality. Revista dos Criadores, 67, 19-21.
[24]
Santos, M.V. and Fonseca, L.F.L. (2006) Estratégias para o Controle de Mastite e Melhoria da Qualidade do Leite. Editora Manole, Barueri.
[25]
Doepel, L., Lapierre, H. and Kennelly, J.J. (2002) Peripartum Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Response to Prepartum Energy and Protein Intake. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 2315-2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74312-9
[26]
Santos, M.V. (2001) Somatic Cell Count and Quality of Milk and Derivatives. Simpósio Internacional Sobre Produção Intensiva de Leite, Belo Horizonte, 115-127.
[27]
Machado, P.F., Pereira, A.R. and Sarríes, G.A. (2000) Bulk Tank Milk Composition from Brazilian Herds Distributed by Its Somatic Cell Count. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 29, 1883-1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000600038
[28]
Texeira, N.M., Freitas, A.F. and Barra, R.B. (2003) Environmental Factors Influencing Monthly Variation of Milk Composition and Somatic Cell Counts in Herds of the State of Minas Gerais. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veter- inária e Zootecnia, 55, 491-499.
[29]
Magalhães, H.R., El Faro, L., Cardoso, V., de Paz, C.C.P., Cassoli, L.D. and Machado, P.F. (2006) Effects of Environmental Factors on Somatic Cell Count and Reduction of Milk Yield on Holstein Cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35, 415-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000200011
[30]
Silva, L.C.R., Furuya, W.M., Natali, M.R.M., Schamber, C.R., Dos Santos, L.D. and Vidal, L.V.O. (2010) Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Nile Tilapia Juvenile Fed Diets with L-Glutamine and L-Glutamate. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39, 1175-1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000600002
[31]
Pereira, A.R., Machado, P.F. and Sarríes, G.A. (2001) Somatic Cell Count and Production Characteristics of Lactating Holstein Cows. Scientia Agricola, 58, 649-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162001000400001
