Presence of an alternative energy source along with the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) appeals for optimal power split between them for minimum fuel consumption and maximum power utilization. Hence HEVs provide better fuel economy compared to ICE based vehicles/conventional vehicle. Energy management strategies are the algorithms that decide the power split between engine and motor in order to improve the fuel economy and optimize the performance of HEVs. This paper describes various energy management strategies available in the literature. A lot of research work has been conducted for energy optimization and the same is extended for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). This paper concentrates on the battery powered hybrid vehicles. Numerous methods are introduced in the literature and based on these, several control strategies are proposed. These control strategies are summarized here in a coherent framework. This paper will serve as a ready reference for the researchers working in the area of energy optimization of hybrid vehicles. 1. Introduction Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) consist of two power sources, that is, (1) Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and (2) battery. Power split between these two is of utmost importance to minimize the fuel consumption without affecting the vehicle speed. The literature reveals that various power split strategies have been developed and implemented. These strategies vary in optimization type (global or local), computational time, structural complexity, a priori knowledge of driving pattern, and effectiveness of the algorithm. A survey of these available methods would be of great use for researchers and practitioners working on HEVs/PHEVs. This paper includes several powerful methods of energy optimization proposed in the literature. These methods are not mutually exclusive and can be used alone or in combinations. The authors have compiled more than 180 papers cognate with optimal performance of HEVs/PHEVs published till 2012. The authors apologize if any paper, method, or improvement is unintentionally omitted. Figure 1 shows the summary of papers published from various refereed journals, conferences, and magazines. This data is based on the papers studied and cited in this paper. Figure 1: Graphical representation of papers published per year. 2. Emergence of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Automobiles have made great contribution to the growth of modern society by satisfying the needs for greater mobility in everyday life. The
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