Parthenium hysterophorus, one of the world’s most dangerous weeds, is responsible for huge losses to the biodiversity, agriculture, economy, and health of livestock and human beings. High competitive success rate and adaptability of the species enable it to dominate diverse types of habitats. Various weed control strategies are being used globally to reduce its population to manageable levels. But owing to many limitations associated with the conventional methods, management of Parthenium still remains a challenge. Recently large scale utilization has been taken up as a holistic approach for the control of weeds. Parthenium hysterophorus can be managed by exploiting this weed in diverse fields. In agriculture, it can be used either as green manure or after composting. Industrially it can be used for producing various value added products. The weed also exhibits many environmental applications. Chemical constituents of Parthenium show extensive range of pharmacological activities suggesting its role as a chemotherapeutic agent. This review briefly discusses the problem of Parthenium and enlists its possible utilities which can open new avenues for effective management of this violent weed. 1. Introduction Parthenium hysterophorus, enlisted in Global Invasive Species database [1], is a highly prolific and pernicious weed, which originated in northeast of Mexico [2] by natural hybridization between Parthenium confertum and Parthenium bipinnatifidum [3]. This is also known by several region specific common names such as altamisa, carrot grass, Santa Maria, bitter weed, star weed, white top, wild feverfew, gajar ghas, the “scourge of India,” and congress grass. In the last century, it has invaded many countries including Africa, Australia, United States, Central and South America, West Indies, India, Nepal, China, and Vietnam and naturalized them successfully [2, 4, 5]. Thus nowadays it is found infesting almost all parts of the world. Its rapid and extensive spread can be attributed to both human activities during globalization and colonizing potential of the weed plant over wide range of habitats and climatic conditions. P. hysterophorus is now considered among the world’s top seven most devastating weeds [6] and has attained major weed status in India and Australia [7]. Parthenium hysterophorus L., belonging to the family Asteraceae, is an annual ephemeral herb. Its biological characteristics such as short-life cycle (4 to 6 weeks) (Figure 1), continuous and profuse flowering until senescence [8], high seed productivity (up to 15,000 to 100,000 per plant)
References
[1]
R. A. Callaway and W. M. Ridenour, “Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 436–443, 2004.
[2]
K. R. Aneja, S. R. Dhawan, and A. B. Sharma, “Deadly weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. and its distribution,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 14–18, 1991.
[3]
R. Nath, “Parthenium hysterophorus L. a general account,” Agricultural Review, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 171–179, 1988.
[4]
S. C. Navie, R. E. McFayden, F. D. Panetta, and S. W. Adkins, “The biology of Australian weeds 27. Parthenium hysterophorus L,” Plant Protection Quarterly, vol. 11, pp. 76–88, 1996.
[5]
V. B. Kushwaha and S. Maurya, “Biological utilities of Parthenium hysterophorus,” Journal of Applied and Natural Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 137–143, 2012.
[6]
S. Ghosh, S. Haldar, N. Shubhaneel, A. Ganguly, and P. K. Chatterjee, “Kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of Parthenium hysterophorus L. for xylose yield in the production of lignocellulosic ethanol,” IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 35–41, 2012.
[7]
H. C. Evans, “Parthenium hysterophorus: a review of its weed status and the possibilities for biological control,” Biocontrol News and Information, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 89–98, 1997.
[8]
T. Tamado, W. Schutz, and P. Milberg, “Germination ecology of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus in eastern Ethiopia,” Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 263–270, 2002.
[9]
I. Gnanavel, “Parthenium hysetrophorus L.—a major threat to natural and agro-ecosystems in India,” Science International, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 124–131, 2013.
[10]
J. E. Butler, “Longevity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. seed in the soil,” Australian Weeds, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 6, 1984.
[11]
J. C. Dagar, A. N. Rao, and L. P. Mall, “Regeneration of Parthenium hysterophorus,” Geobios, vol. 3, pp. 202–203, 1976.
[12]
S. Kumar and N. Rohatgi, “The role of invasive weeds in changing floristic diversity,” Annals of Forestry, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 147–150, 1999.
[13]
S. Patel, “Harmful and beneficial aspects of Parthenium hysterophorus: an update,” 3 Biotech, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2011.
[14]
G. D. Tudor, A. L. Ford, T. R. Armstrong, and E. K. Bromage, “Taints in meat from sheep grazing Parthenium hysterophorus,” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, vol. 22, no. 115, pp. 43–46, 1982.
[15]
K. S. Dogra, S. K. Sood, and R. Sharma, “Distribution, Biology and Ecology of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Congress Grass) an invasive species in the North-Western Indian Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh),” African Journal of Plant Science, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 682–687, 2011.
[16]
A. Etana, E. Kelbessa, and T. Soromessa, “Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae ) on herbaceous Plant Biodiversity of Awash National Park (ANP), Ethiopia,” Management of Biological Invasions, vol. 2, pp. 69–80, 2011.
[17]
J. F. Chippendale and F. D. Panetta, “The cost of Parthenium weed to the Queensland cattle industry,” Plant Protection Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 73–76, 1994.
[18]
V. D. Vartak, “Weed that threatens crop and grass lands in Maharashtra,” Indian Farming, vol. 18, pp. 23–24, 1968.
[19]
B. B. Channappagoudar, Y. C. Panchal, S. Manjunath, and R. V. Koti, “Studies on influence of Parthenium on sorghum growth under irrigated conditions,” Farming Systems, vol. 6, pp. 102–104, 1990.
[20]
S. Maharjan, B. B. Shrestha, and P. K. Jha, “Allelopathic effects of extracts of leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on seed germination and seedling growth of some cultivated and wild herbaceous species,” Scientific World, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 33–39, 2007.
[21]
A. Shabbir and A. Javaid, “Effect of extracts of alien weed Parthenium hysterophorus and two native Asteraceous species on germination and growth of mungbean Vigna radiate L. Wilczek,” Journal of Agriculture and Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 483–488, 2010.
[22]
J. A. Dhole, S. S. Bodke, and N. A. Dhole, “Allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on seed germination and seedling emergence of some cultivated crops,” Journal of Research in Biology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 15–18, 2011.
[23]
K. S. Dogra and S. K. Sood, “Phytotoxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus residues towards growth of three native plant species (Acacia catechu willd, Achyranthes aspera L. and Cassia tora L.) in Himachal Pradesh, India,” International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 105–109, 2012.
[24]
M. Kumar and S. Kumar, “Effect of Parthenium hysterophorus ash on growth and biomass of Phaseolus mungo,” Academia Arena, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 98–102, 2010.
[25]
A. Javaid and S. Shafique, “Seasonal pattern of seed dormancy in Parthenium hysterophorus L,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 497–503, 2010.
[26]
R. T. Kapoor, “Awareness related survey of an invasive alien weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Gautam Budh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India,” Journal of Agricultural Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1129–1140, 2012.
[27]
P. Sriramarao, S. Nagpal, B. S. Subba Rao, O. Prakash, and P. V. Subba Rao, “Immediate hypersensitivity to Parthenium hysterophorus. II. Clinical studies on the prevalence of parthenium rhinitis,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 55–62, 1991.
[28]
G. H. N. Towers, “Allergic eczematous contact dermatitis from parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus),” in Proceedings of the 6th Australian Weeds Conference, B. J. Wilson and J. T. Swarbrick, Eds., pp. 143–150, Gold Coast, Australia, 1981.
[29]
D. P. Roy and M. M. Shaik, “Toxicology, phytochemistry, bioactive compounds and pharmacology of Parthenium hysterophorus,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 126–141, 2013.
[30]
G. H. N. Towers and P. V. Subba Rao, “Impact of pan-tropical weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L., on human affairs,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Weed Control Congress, R. G. Richardson, Ed., vol. 1, pp. 134–138, Melbourne, Australia, 1992.
[31]
P. R. More, V. P. Vadlamudi, and M. I. Qureshi, “Note on the toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus in livestock [toxic to buffalo calves, but not to crossbred bull calves],” Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 456–457, 1982.
[32]
T. R. Narasimhan, B. S. K. Murthy, N. Harindranath, and P. V. S. Rao, “Characterization of a toxin from Parthenium hysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animals,” Journal of Biosciences, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 729–738, 1984.
[33]
S. N. Khosla and S. N. Sobti, “Parthenin—a promising root inhibitor from Parthenium hysterophorus Linn,” Pesticides, vol. 15, pp. 8–11, 1981.
[34]
P. Gangasuresh, A. Ajithal Begam, A. Saranya, P. Senthil kumar, and M. Rajkumarbharathi, “Allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extract of “Parthenium hysterophorus” on germination and seedling growth of the ‘Gossypium hirsutum’,” Journal of Research in Biology, vol. 1, pp. 56–61, 2011.
[35]
S. D. Kanchan and K. A. Jayachandra, “Effect of Parthenium hysterophorus on nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria,” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 59, pp. 199–202, 1981.
[36]
S. Vehra and A. U. Khan, “Comparative studies on the competitive abilities of an exotic, Parthenium hysterophorus L., with co-existing species to determine the impacts of its invasion,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2365–2372, 2011.
[37]
S. Singh, A. Yadav, R. S. Balyan, R. K. Malik, and M. Singh, “Control of ragweed parthenium (parthenium hysterophorus) and associated weeds,” Weed Technology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 658–664, 2004.
[38]
V. M. Bhan, S. Kumar, and M. S. Raghuwanshi, “Future strategies for effective parthenium management,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Parthenium Management, M. Mahadevappa and V. C. Patil, Eds., pp. 90–95, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dahrwad, India, October 1997.
[39]
M. Mahadevappa, “Ecology, distribution, menace and management of Parthenium,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Parthenium Management, vol. 1, pp. 1–12, Dharwad , India, 1997.
[40]
T. V. Muniappa, T. V. R. Prasad, and K. Krishnamurthy, “Comparative efficacy and economics of mechanical and chemical methods of control of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 12, pp. 137–144, 1980.
[41]
C. Lakshmi and C. Srinivas, “Parthenium: a wide angle view,” Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 296–306, 2007.
[42]
J. Asha Kumari, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, and K. B. Reddy, “Competitive exclusion of Parthenium hysterophorus by other invasive species—a case study from Andhra Pradesh, India,” Taiwania, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 128–138, 2010.
[43]
A. Javaid, “Efficacy of some common herbicides against Parthenium weed,” Pakistan Journal of Weed Science, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 93–98, 2007.
[44]
N. R. Paradkar, S. P. Kurchania, and J. P. Tiwari, “Chemical control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. and other associated weeds in upland drilled rice,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 151–154, 1997.
[45]
K. N. Reddy, C. T. Bryson, and I. C. Burke, “Ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) control with preemergence and postemergence herbicides,” Weed Technology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 982–986, 2007.
[46]
H. Khan, K. B. Marwat, G. Hassan, and M. A. Khan, “Chemical control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. at different growth stages in non-cropped area,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1721–1726, 2012.
[47]
Z. Bekeko, T. Hussien, and T. Tessema, “Distribution, incidence, severity and effect of the rust (Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola) on Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Western Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia,” African Journal of Plant Science, vol. 6, no. 13, pp. 337–345, 2012.
[48]
D. B. Kelaniyangoda and H. M. R. K. Ekanayake, “Puccinia melampodii Diet and Holow. As a biological control agent of Parthenium hysterophorus,” Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–19, 2008.
[49]
H. Idrees and A. Javaid, “Screening of some pathogenic fungi for their herbicidal potential against parthenium weed,” Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 150–155, 2008.
[50]
S. Kumar, R. E. Masto, L. C. Ram, P. Sarkar, J. George, and V. A. Selvi, “Biochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus and its potential use in soil application,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 55, pp. 67–72, 2013.
[51]
U. G. Shinde, S. K. Metkar, R. L. Bodkhe, G. Y. Khosare, and S. N. Harke, “Potential of polyphenol oxidase of Parthenium hysterophorus, Alternanthera sessilis and Jaltropha curcas for simultaneous degradation of two textile dyes: yellow 5G and Brown R,” Trends in Biotechnology Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 24–28, 2012.
[52]
V. Nallathambi Gunaseelan, “Parthenium as an additive with cattle manure in biogas production,” Biological Wastes, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 195–202, 1987.
[53]
V. N. Gunaseelan and P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy, “Biogas production potential of Parthenium,” Biological Wastes, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 311–314, 1990.
[54]
V. N. Gunaseelan, “Methane production from Parthenium hysterophorus L., a terrestrial weed, in semi-continuous fermenters,” Biomass & Bioenergy, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 391–398, 1994.
[55]
V. Nallathambi Gunaseelan, “Impact of anaerobic digestion on inhibition potential of Parthenium solids,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 179–184, 1998.
[56]
M. N. Abubacker, G. R. Rao, and A. Kumaresan, “Sugarcane press mud cake: accelerator of biogas production in various weed biomass,” Advances in Plant Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 73–78, 1999.
[57]
S. K. Thakur and K. D. N. Singh, “Efficiency of agricultural wastes and weeds for biogas production,” Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11–15, 2000.
[58]
S. K. Thakur and K. D. N. Singh, “Anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes and weeds for biogas production,” Annals of Biology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 245–249, 2003.
[59]
N. Kannan, T. Guruswamy, and V. Kumar, “Design, development and evaluation of biogas plant using donkey-dung and selected biomaterials as feedstock,” Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Agricultural Engineering Division, vol. 84, pp. 17–23, 2003.
[60]
G. Gitanjali, A. Kumaresan, M. Dharmaraj, and T. Karuppayee, “Utilization of parthenium plant leachate for biogas production,” Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 113–115, 2009.
[61]
B. B. Channappagoudar, N. R. Biradar, J. B. Patil, and C. A. A. Gasimani, “Utilization of weed biomass as an organic source in sorghum,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 245–248, 2007.
[62]
R. K. Murthy, H. R. Raveendra, and R. T. B. Manjunatha, “Effect of Chromolaena and Parthenium as green manure and their compost on yield, uptake and nutrient use efficiency on Typic Paleustalf,” European Biological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 41–45, 2010.
[63]
P. Kishor, A. K. Ghosh, S. Singh, and B. R. Maurya, “Potential use of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in agriculture,” Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 220–225, 2010.
[64]
S. K. Ambasta and S. Kumari, “A scientific approach of conversion of eco-hazardous Parthenium weed into eco-friendly by compost making,,” International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 90–94, 2013.
[65]
J. Jelin and M. S. Dhanarajan, “Comparative physicochemical analysis of degrading Parthenium (Parthenium Hysterophorus) and saw dust by a new approach to accelerate the composting rate,” International Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 535–537, 2013.
[66]
T. P. Khaket, M. Singh, S. Dhanda, T. Singh, and J. Singh, “Biochemical characterization of consortium compost of toxic weeds Parthenium hysterophorus and Eichhornia crassipe,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 123, pp. 360–365, 2012.
[67]
P. Rajiv, S. Narendhran, K. M. Subhash, A. Sankar, R. Sivaraj, and R. Venckatesh, “Parthenium hysterophorus L. compost: assessment of its physical properties and allelopathic effect on germination and growth of Arachis hypogeae L,” International Research Journal of Environmental Science, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–5, 2013.
[68]
P. Kishor, B. R. Maurya, and A. K. Ghosh, “Use of uprooted Parthenium before flowering as compost: a way to reduce its hazards worldwide,” International Journal of Soil Science, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 73–81, 2010.
[69]
B. R. Maurya and P. K. Sharma, “Studies on the germination and viability of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in its compost,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 42, no. 3-4, pp. 244–245, 2010.
[70]
P. Apurva, S. K. Sinha, and P. C. Thakur, “Composting an obnoxious weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L., with the help of a millipede, Harpaphe haydeniana,” Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 337–343, 2010.
[71]
A. P. Biradar and M. B. Patil, “Studies on utilization of prominent weeds for vermiculturing,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 33, no. 3-4, pp. 229–230, 2001.
[72]
A. Yadav and V. K. Garg, “Vermicomposting—an effective tool for the management of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 5891–5895, 2011.
[73]
P. J. Nirmalnath, A. P. Biradar, M. B. Patil, and A. B. Patil, “Microflora associated with vermicompost obtained from different weeds,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 186–187, 2005.
[74]
A. Shobha, S. A. Reddy, A. Akila, and R. D. Kale, “Management of secondary sewage sludge by vermicomposting for use as soil amendment,” Global Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 13–18, 2012.
[75]
A. Chauhan and P. C. Joshi, “Composting of some dangerous and toxic weeds using Eisenia Foetida,” Journal of American Science, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–6, 2010.
[76]
P. Sangwan, C. P. Kaushik, and V. K. Garg, “Nutrient recycling and management of press mud, parthenium and biogas plant slurry employing earthworms,” International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, vol. 7, no. 3-4, pp. 382–394, 2011.
[77]
U. G. Basarkar, G. S. Kshirsagar, and A. A. Saoji, “Comparative study of vermicompost using Parthenium biodung and usual green biodung,” International Journal of Bioassays, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 819–824, 2013.
[78]
P. Rajiv, S. Nareendran, and R. Sivaraj, “Bioconversion of Parthenium hysterophorus using earthworms and assessment of its macro and micro-nutrients,” in Proceedings of the International Bio Conference & Event, Leonia International Conventional Centre, Hydrabad, India, December 2012.
[79]
K. S. Vijaya and S. Seethalakshmi, “Contribution of Parthenium vermicompost in altering the growth yield and quality of Abelmoschus esculents (I) Moench,” Advanced Biotechnology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 44–47, 2011.
[80]
M. Anbalagan and S. Manivannan, “Assessment of impact of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. mixed with organic supplements on growth and reproduction preference of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) through vermitechnology,” International Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 88–91, 2012.
[81]
B. Vijayakumari and Y. R. Hiranmai, “Influence of fresh, composted and vermicomposted Parthenium and poultry manure on growth characters of sesame (Sesamum indicum),” Journal of Organic Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 14–19, 2012.
[82]
M. Senthilkumari, K. Vasanthi, T. Saradha, and R. Bharathi, “Studies on the Vermiconversion of different leaf wastes by using Eudrilus Eugeniae (Kinberg),” International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 96–101, 2013.
[83]
I. Saragnthem, R. J. Koireng, and N. R. Singh, “Vermicomposting technique and nutrients content of Parthenium based organic manure involving manure worm (Eisenia foetida and Endrilus eugineae),” Green Farming, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 769–770, 2009.
[84]
P. Rajiv, S. Rajeshwari, R. Hiranmai Yadav, and V. Rajendran, “Vermiremediation: detoxification of parthenin toxin from Parthenium weeds,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 262, pp. 489–495, 2013.
[85]
P. Lalitha, K. Shivani, and R. R. Rama, “Parthenium hysterophorus—an economical tool to increase the agricultural productivity,” International Journal of Life Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 113–127, 2012.
[86]
R. K. Kohli, D. Rani, H. P. Singh, and S. Kumar, “Response of crop seeds towards the leaf leachates of Parthenium hysterophorus L,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 104–106, 1996.
[87]
R. G. Belz, C. F. Reinhardt, L. C. Foxcroft, and K. Hurle, “Residue allelopathy in Parthenium hysterophorus L.-does parthenin play a leading role?” Crop Protection, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 237–245, 2007.
[88]
K. B. Marwat, M. A. Khan, A. Nawaz, and A. Amin, “Parthenium hysterophorus L. A Potential source of bioherbicide,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1933–1942, 2008.
[89]
M. Tomaszewski and K. V. Thimann, “Interactions of phenolic acids, metallic ions and chelating agents on auxin induced growth,” Plant Physiology, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1443–1454, 1966.
[90]
C. Swaminathan, R. S. Vinaya Rai, and K. K. Suresh, “Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on germination and seedling growth of a few multi-purpose trees and arable crops,” International Tree Crops Journal, vol. 6, no. 2-3, pp. 143–150, 1990.
[91]
S. O. Duke, F. E. Dayan, A. M. Rimando, et al., “Chemicals from nature for weed management,” Weed Science, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 138–151, 2002.
[92]
G. Hu, Z. H. Zhang, and B. Q. Hu, “Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on the germination and shoot growth of two native species,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 726–731, pp. 4348–4351, 2013.
[93]
T. Tefera, “Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostis tef,” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol. 188, no. 5, pp. 306–310, 2002.
[94]
A. Javaid and S. Shafique, “Comparison of Trifolium alexandrinum L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. green manures in rice-wheat cropping system,” Philippine Agricultural Scientist, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 110–115, 2009.
[95]
P. Saravanane, R. Poonguzhalan, and V. Chellamuthu, “Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) distribution and its bioresource potential for rice production in Puduchery, India,” Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, vol. 18, pp. 551–555, 2012.
[96]
A. Javaid and M. B. M. Shah, “Use of parthenium weed as green manure for maize and mungbean pro-duction,” The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 478–482, 2008.
[97]
D. S. Suryawanshi, “Utilization of weed biomass as an organic source in maize,” Life Science Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 10–12, 2011.
[98]
P. Saravanane, H. V. Nanjappa, and B. K. Ramachandrappa, “Effect of weeds utilization as nutrient source on soil fertility and tuber yield of potato,” Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 464–467, 2008.
[99]
A. Javaid and M. B. M. Shah, “Growth and yield response of wheat to EM (effective microorganisms) and parthenium green manure,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 9, no. 23, pp. 3373–3381, 2010.
[100]
S. Naithani, R. B. Chhetri, P. K. Pande, and G. Naithani, “Evaluation of Parthenium for pulp and paper making,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 40, no. 3-4, pp. 188–191, 2008.
[101]
N. Shubhaneel, S. Ghosh, S. Haldar, A. Ganguly, and P. K. Chatterjee, “Acid catalyzed auto-hydrolysis of Parthenium Hysterophorus L. for production of xylose for lignocellulosic ethanol,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 187–192, 2013.
[102]
G. Ji, S. K. Shukla, P. Dwivedi, S. Sundaram, E. E. Ebenso, and R. Prakash, “Parthenium hysterophorus plant extract as an efficient green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environment,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 9933–9945, 2012.
[103]
D. K. Pandey, L. P. Kauraw, and V. M. Bhan, “Inhibitory effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) residue on growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms.). II. Relative effect of flower, leaf, stem, and root residue,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2663–2670, 1993.
[104]
D. K. Pandey, “Inhibition of salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) by parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). I. Effect of leaf residue and allelochemicals,” The Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 3111–3122, 1994.
[105]
R. Dayal, P. C. Dobhal, R. Kumar, P. Onial, and R. D. Rawat, “Natural dye from Parthenium hysterophorus,” Colourage, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 75–78, 2008.
[106]
M. V. Chanderkala, P. Dharani, R. R. Patil et al., “Investigation on the application of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts as feed additives for young larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori L,” Agricultural Science Research Journals, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 449–452, 2012.
[107]
B. K. Singhal, M. V. Rajan, and Y. R. Madhava Rao, “Weed turns a boon to silk,” Indian Textile Journal, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 60–62, 1998.
[108]
A. Muhammad, A. W. Mahmud, P. Ijaz, and A. Muhammad, “Influence of different nutritional sources on different developmental and biological aspects of silkworm, Bombyx mori L,” World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 233–238, 2006.
[109]
V. Parashar, R. Parashar, B. Sharma, and A. C. Pandey, “Parthenium leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a novel approach towards weed utilization,” Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 45–50, 2009.
[110]
S. Ananda, “Exploitation of Parthenium hysterophorus L. for the rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their anti-microbial activity,” Indian Journal of Applied Research, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 79–83, 2013.
[111]
M. H. Mangrola, V. G. Joshi, P. R. Dudhagara, and B. H. Parmar, “Two step synthesis and biophysical characterization of silver nanoparticles using green approach,” Journal of Environmental Research and Development A, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1021–1025, 2012.
[112]
D. A. Kumar, “Rapid and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extracts of Parthenium hystreophorus: a novel biological approach,” International Research Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 169–173, 2012.
[113]
P. Rajiv, S. Rajeshwari, and R. Venckatesh, “Bio-Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. and its size-dependent antifungal activity against plant fungal pathogens,” Spectrochimica Acta. Part A. Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 112, pp. 384–387, 2013.
[114]
M. F. Anwar, D. Yadav, S. Kapoor, J. Chander, and M. Samim, “Comparison of antibacterial activity of Ag nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Parthenium hystrophorus L in aqueous media and Gentamicin sulphate: in-vitro,” Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2013.
[115]
S. Ghosh, K. Das, S. Sinha et al., “Effect of particle size on the hydrolysis of Parthenium Hysterophorus L. for the production of ethanol,” International Journal of Energy and Power, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26–35, 2013.
[116]
K. Pandiyan, R. Tiwari, S. Rana, et al., “Comparative efficiency of different pretreatment methods on enzymatic digestibility of Parthenium sp,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 55–64, 2014.
[117]
S. Rana, R. Tiwari, A. Arora et al., “Prospecting Parthenium sp. pretreated with Trametes hirsuta, as a potential bioethanol feedstock,” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 152–158, 2013.
[118]
P. I. Sangita and V. D. Bute, “Bioadsorption: a solution for industrial waste water pollution,” Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 110–115, 2009.
[119]
A. V. Mane, R. G. Pardeshi, V. R. Gore, R. L. Walave, S. S. Manjrekar, and G. N. Sutar, “Water quality and sediment analysis at selected locations of Pavana River of Pune district, Maharashtra,” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 91–102, 2013.
[120]
F. Hadi and A. Bano, “Utilization of Parthenium hysterophorus for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil,” Weed Biology and Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 307–314, 2009.
[121]
K. Sanghamitra, P. V. V. Prasada Rao, and G. R. K. Naidu, “Uptake of Zn (II) by an invasive weed species Parthenium hysterophorus L,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 267–290, 2012.
[122]
M. S. Khan and S. Ahmad, “Pharmacognostical, phytochemical, biological and tissue culture studies on Parthenium hysterophorus Linn: a review,” Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1–5, 2009.
[123]
D. K. Pandey, “Allelochemicals in Parthenium in response to biological activity and the environment,” Indian Journal of Weed Science, vol. 41, no. 3-4, pp. 111–123, 2009.
[124]
M. N. Abbas, S. A. Rana, M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, N. Rana, and M. Iqbal, “Phytochemical constituents of weeds: baseline study in mixed crop zone agroecosystem,” Pakistan Journal of Weed science and Research, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 231–238, 2013.
[125]
S. Padma and S. Deepika, “Phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-fungal investigation of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts against Alternaria alternate,” International Research Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 190–193, 2013.
[126]
A. Kumar, S. Joshi, and T. Malik, “Antimicrobial potential of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. plant extracts,” International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 232–236, 2013.
[127]
A. Purai and V. K. Rattan, “Acid blue 92 (leather dye) removal from wastewater by adsorption using biomass ash and activated carbon,” Carbon Letters, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2010.
[128]
S. S. Apte, V. S. Kore, and S. V. Kore, “Chloride removal from wastewater by biosorption with the plant biomass,” Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 416–422, 2011.
[129]
V. S. Shrivastava, “The biosorption of Safranine onto Parthenium hysterophorus L: equilibrium and kinetics investigation,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 22, no. 1–3, pp. 146–155, 2010.
[130]
M. Ajmal, R. A. K. Rao, R. Ahmad, and M. A. Khan, “Adsorption studies on Parthenium hysterophorous weed: Removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 135, no. 1–3, pp. 242–248, 2006.
[131]
R. S. Singh, V. K. Singh, A. K. Mishra, P. N. Tiwari, U. N. Singh, and Y. C. Shrama, “Parthenium hysterophorus: a novel adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions,” Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 177–189, 2008.
[132]
R. K. Singh, S. Kumar, and A. Kumar, “Development of Parthenium based activated carbon and its utilization for adsorptive removal of p-cresol from aqueous solution,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 523–535, 2008.
[133]
H. Lata, S. Mor, V. K. Garg, and R. K. Gupta, “Removal of a dye from simulated wastewater by adsorption using treated Parthenium biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 153, no. 1-2, pp. 213–220, 2008.
[134]
Rajeshwarisivaraj and V. Subburam, “Activated Parthenium carbon as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous solution,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 205–206, 2002.
[135]
K. Kadirvelu, C. Sivasankari, M. Jambuligam, and S. Pattabhi, “Activated carbon from parthenium as adsorbent: adsorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solution,” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 499–503, 2002.
[136]
R. Singh, D. P. Singh, N. Kumar, S. K. Bhargava, and S. C. Barman, “Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and plants from fly ash contaminated area,” Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 421–430, 2010.
[137]
A. Nazir, R. N. Malik, M. Ajaib, N. Khan, and M. F. Siddiqui, “Hyperaccumulators of heavy metals of industrial areas of Islamabad and Rawalpindi,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1925–1933, 2011.
[138]
K. Ahmad, M. Shaheen, Z. I. Khan, and H. Bashir, “Heavy metals contamination of soil and fodder: a possible risk to livestock,” Science Technology and Development, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 140–148, 2013.
[139]
A. Rehman, T. Iqbal, S. Ayaz, and H. U. Rehman, “Investigations of heavy metals in different medicinal plants,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 72–74, 2013.
[140]
K. Sanghamitra, P. V. V. Prasada Rao, and G. R. K. Naidu, “Heavy metal tolerance of weed species and their accumulations by phytoextraction,” Indian Journal of Science Technology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 285–290, 2011.
[141]
V. S. Patel, V. Chitra, P. L. Prasanna, and V. Krishnaraju, “Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 183–185, 2008.
[142]
S. Kumar, A. P. Singh, G. Nair et al., “Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus leaf extracts on the fecundity, fertility and behavioural response of Aedes aegypti L,” Parasitology Research, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 853–859, 2011.
[143]
S. Kumar, G. Nair, A. P. Singh, S. Batra, N. Wahab, and R. Warikoo, “Evaluation of the larvicidal efficiency of stem, roots and leaves of the weed, Parthenium hysterophorus (Family: Asteraceae) against Aedes aegypti L,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 395–400, 2012.
[144]
T. S. Talakal, S. K. Dwivedi, and S. R. Sharma, “In vitro and in vivo therapeutic activity of Parthenium hysterophorus against Trypanosoma evansi,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 894–896, 1995.
[145]
R. A. Khan, M. Ahmed, M. R. Khan, M. Yasir, and B. Muhammad, “Nutritional investigation and biological activities of parthenium hysterophorus,” African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 5, no. 18, pp. 2073–2078, 2011.
[146]
R. Al-Mamun, A. Hamid, M. K. Islam, and J. A. Chowdhury, “Cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity of leaves extract of Parthenium hysterophorus (Fam: Asteraceae),” Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 51–54, 2010.
[147]
M. R. Haq, S. Ashraf, C. P. Malik, A. A. Ganie, and U. Shandilya, “In vitro cytotoxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus extracts against human cancerous cell lines,” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 601–608, 2011.
[148]
K. Pandey, P. K. Sharma, and R. Dudhe, “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 28–31, 2012.
[149]
S. Kumar, A. Mishra, and A. K. Pandey, “Antioxidant mediated protective effect of Parthenium hysterophorus against oxidative damage using in vitro models,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 13, article 120, 2013.
[150]
U. Jha, P. J. Chhajed, R. J. Oswal, and T. T. Shelke, “Skeletal muscle relaxant activity of methanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. leaves in Swiss albino mice,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 1211–1213, 2011.
[151]
S. C. Dwivedi and S. Garg, “Screening of plant extracts for ovicidal effect on the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica ( Stainton ),” Pest Management and Economic Zoology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 53–55, 1997.
[152]
N. B. Barsagade and G. N. Wagh, “Comparative screening of leaf extracts of common plants and weeds for their antibacterial and antifungal activities,” Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources, vol. 3, pp. 227–232, 2010.
[153]
S. Datta and D. B. Saxena, “Pesticidal properties of parthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds,” Pest Management Science, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 95–101, 2001.
[154]
A. I. Maishi, P. K. S. Ali, S. A. Chaghtai, and G. Khan, “A proving of Parthenium hysterophorus L,” British Homoeopathy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 17–21, 1998.
[155]
S. C. Dwivedi and A. Kumari, “Evaluation of some plant extracts as repellent against Callosobruchus chinensis (Linn.),” International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 181–183, 2000.
[156]
D. J. Patel, H. V. Patel, S. K. Patel, and B. A. Patel, “Nematicidal properties of some plant materials for the management of root-knot nematodes in tomato nursery,” Indian Journal of Plant Protection, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 242–244, 1993.
[157]
D. Prasad, D. Ram, and A. Imtiyaz, “Management of plant parasitic nematodes by the use of botanicals,” Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 360–364, 2002.
[158]
H. Madan, S. Gogia, and S. Sharma, “Antimicrobial and spermicidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. and Alstonia scholaris Linn,” Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 458–463, 2011.
[159]
U. Jha, P. J. Chhajed, T. T. Shelke, R. J. Oswal, and P. P. Adkar, “CNS activity of methanol extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in experimental animals,” Der Pharmacia Lettre, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 335–341, 2011.
[160]
P. Oudhia, “Medicinal uses of congress weed Parthenium hysterophorus L.: a review,” Ecology, Environment and Conservation, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–177, 2001.
[161]
S. Samson and Sheelsingh, “Parthenium a greatest threaten transforming into a healer for certain diseases, drug producer and farmer’s helper,” in Proceedings of the National Conference on Science in Media (SIM '12), pp. 2277–9698, 2012.
[162]
P. Dwivedi, V. Vivekanand, R. Ganguly, and R. P. Singh, “Parthenium sp. as a plant biomass for the production of alkalitolerant xylanase from mutant Penicillium oxalicum SAUE-3.510 in submerged fermentation,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 581–588, 2009.
[163]
J. D. Mane, S. J. Jadhav, and N. A. Ramaiah, “Production of oxalic acid from dry powder of Parthenium hysterophorus L,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 989–990, 1986.
[164]
V. A. Savangikar and R. N. Joshi, “Edible protein from Parthenium hysterophorus,” Experimental Agriculture, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 93–94, 1978.
[165]
T. R. Narasimhan, B. S. Keshava Murthy, and P. V. Subba Rao, “Nutritional evaluation of silage made from the toxic weed Parthenium hysterophorus in animals,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 509–515, 1993.
