Municipal solid waste open dump site operation is an important element of
waste management in Nigeria, both today and in the future. Dump site fires are
common occurrences in the study area. The contribution of municipal
solid waste dump site fires to atmospheric pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
has been assessed experimentally. Five (5) municipal solid waste dump sites
where fire incidence is a frequent and regular occurrence were chosen for the
study. At each of the identified municipal solid waste dump site, eight (8) air
quality monitoring parameters, suspended particulate matter (SPM10),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon
monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4),
ammonia (NH3) and Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) were determined
using a series of hand held air quality monitoring equipment. Results indicate
the levels of SPM ranged between 773 and 801 μg/m3 and the levels of
CO ranged between 133.7 and 141.6 ppm. The levels of CO
References
[1]
Dockery, D.W. and Pope, C.A. (1994) Acute Respiratory Effects of Particulate Air Pollution. Annual Review of Public Health, 15, 107-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000543
[2]
US EPA (1999) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories. Cement Manufacturing Industries Federal Register, 64, 113.
[3]
Jeff, G. and Hans, P. (2004) Assessment of Environmental Impact of the Holcim Cement—Dundee Plant. Ecology Centre.
[4]
Clean Air (2207) Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particle Matter. Federal Register, 62, 38651-38970.
[5]
Pope, C.A., et al. (2002) Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1132-1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.9.1132?
[6]
Sanjay, R. (2008) Exposure to Bad Air Raises Blood Pressure, Study Shows, Science Daily. Ohio State University, Columbus.
[7]
Pope, C.A. (1995) Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking in Cancer and Other Disorders. Archives of Environmental Health, 46, 90-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1991.9937434
[8]
Laden, F., Neas, L.M., Dockery, D.W. and Schwartz, J. (2000) Association of Fine Particulate Matter from Different Sources with Daily Mortality in Six US Cities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 941-947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108941
[9]
WHO (World Health Organisation) (2000) Air Quality Guidelines for Europpe. WHO Regional Publication European Series, No. 91. World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
[10]
American Chemical Society (2008) Newly Detected Air Pollutant Mimics Damaging Effects of Cigarette Smoke. Science Daily, American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
[11]
Knox, G. (2008) Atmospheric Pollutants and Mortalities in English Local Authority Areas. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62, 442-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.065862
[12]
Boubel, R.W., Fox, D.L., Turner, D.B. and Stern, A.C. (1994) Effects on Materials and Structures, Fundamentals of Air Pollution. 3rd Edition, Academic Press, New York.
[13]
Bates, M. (2004) Managing Landfill Sites Fires in Northampton. Report, Environment and Transport Scrutiny Committee. Northamptonshire, County Council, Northampton, Northamptonshire.
[14]
Fisher, C. (1999) Gas Emission from Landfills: An Overview of Issues and Research Needs Survey. ECONS SA Environmental Report, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm.
[15]
Ettala, M., Rahkonen, P., Rossi, E., Mangs, J. and Keski-Rahkonen, O. (1996) Landfill Fires in Finland. Waste Management & Research, 14, 377-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X9601400405
[16]
Bogner, J. and Scott, P. (2001) Landfill CH4 Emissions: Guidance for Field Measurements. In: Lagerkvist, A., Ed., 1992-1994 IEA Landfill Gas Activity, Report No 97:01, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 29-46.
[17]
Ruokojarvi, P., Ruuskanen, J. and Ettala, M. (1997) Landfill Fires and Emissions of Toxic Organic Compounds. Environmental Impact, Aftercare and Remediation of Landfills, CISA, Cagliari, 4, 151-154.
[18]
Roots, O., Henkelmann, B. and Schramm, K.W. (2004) Concentrations of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil in the Vicinity of a Landfill. Chemosphere, 57, 337-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.012
[19]
Lemieux, P.M., Lutes, C.C. and Santoianni, D.A. (2004) Emissions of Organic Air Toxics from Open Burning: A Comprehensive Review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30, 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.08.001
[20]
Dyke, P.H., Foan, C., Wenborn, M. and Coleman, P.J. (1997) A Review of Dioxin Releases to Land and Water in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 207, 119-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00254-4
[21]
FEMA (2002) Landfill Fires Their Magnitude, Characteristics and Mitigation. United States Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center, FA-225, Arlington, Virginia.
[22]
NDES: Nigeria Delta Environment Survey (2003) Report on the Niger Delta Environment 1. 9-14.
[23]
Akpokodje, E.G. (1987) The Engineering Geological Characteristics and Classification of the Major Superficial Soils of the Niger Delta. Engineering Geology, 23, 193-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(87)90090-1
[24]
Allen, J.R.L. (1965) Late Quaternary Niger Delta and Adjacent Areas. AAPG Bulletin, 49, 547-600.
[25]
Darefaka, M.D. (2003) Water Quality Standards and Guidelines in Nigeria. 2nd Earthwatch Conference on Water, Port Harcourt, 26 August 2003, 3-11.
Okoko, K.A.B. and Nna, J.N. (1998) Emerging Trends and Community Perception in the Nigerian Oil Industry. Nigerian Journal of Oil and Politics, 1, 44-54.
[28]
Ajugwo, A.O. (2013) Negative Effects of Gas Flaring: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 1, 6-8.
[29]
American Public Works Association (APWA) (1975) Solid Waste Collection Practices. Public Administration Service, Chicago.
[30]
NDDC: Niger Delta Development Commission (2004) Environmental Situation in the Niger Delta Area. NDDC, Port Harcourt.
[31]
Lewicki, R. (1999) Early Detection and Prevention of Landfill Fires. International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia 99, Cagliari, 4-8 October 1999, 613-620.
[32]
Federal Environmental Protection Agency: FEPA (1995) Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard.
[33]
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) (1977) Criteria for a Recommended StandardHydrogen Sulfide. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Washington DC, NIOSH Publ No 77-158.
[34]
United Kingdom Air Quality: (UKAQ) (2005) Report on 2005 Air Pollution Study in United Kingdom. http://www.airquality.co.uk
[35]
Nammari, D.R., Hogland, W., Marques, M., Nimmermark, S. and Moutavtchi, V. (2004) Emissions from a Controlled Fire in Municipal Solid Waste Bales. Waste Management, 24, 9-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2003.08.003
[36]
Gribben, J. (1986) Temperature Rise in Global Green House. New Scientist, 15, 31-32.
[37]
Borjesson, G. and Svensson, B.H. (1993) Interactions between Methane Oxidation and the Formation of N2O in a Landfill Cover Soil. 4th International Landfill Symposium Proceedings, 1, 729-733.
[38]
Beever, P.F. (1989) Subterranean Fires in the UK—The Problem. Building Research Establishment Information IP3/89, 1-3.
[39]
Bogner, J. and Spokas, K. (1996) Field Measurement of Methane and NMOC Emissions: Sources, Sinks and Implications for Emission Modelling. 19th Annual Landfill Gas Symposium, Research Triangle Park, 19-21 March 1996, 189-199.
[40]
ATSDR (1999) Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta.
