Present study was conducted to investigate the Cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction
potential of two plants (Veronicaanagallis-aquatic and Epilobium laxum Royle) for Cd removal from
induced saline water. In hydroponic system, various concentrations of the Cd (50,
100, and 150 ppm) and NaCl salt (1000, 3000, and 6000 ppm) were used alone and in
various combinations to evaluate the effect of salt (NaCl) concentrations on Cd
absorption and accumulation in Veronica anagallis and Epilobium plants. The Cd at higher
concentrations (100 and 150 ppm) significantly reduced the growth and biomass of
both plants and addition of salt (NaCl) to growth media (Hoagland solution) further
reduced the growth. The Cadmium (Cd) translocation factor (TF) of Epilobium plant was more than one (1), while
the Veronica plant showed translocation
factor less than 0.5. Veronica plant showed
higher Bio-concentration factor (BCF) as more than 3.5 and Epilobium plant demonstrated Bio-concentration factor less than 1 (BCF 1 is a threshold limit for a
plant to be hyper-accumulator of Cd). Conclusively, the Veronicaanagallis plant is reported as Cd hyper-accumulator, while Epilobium
References
[1]
Manousaki, E. and Kalogerakis, N. (2011) Halophytes Present New Opportunities in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Saline Soils. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 656-660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100270x
[2]
Ravindran, K.C., Venkatesan, K., Balakrishnan, V., Chellappan, K.P. and Balasubramanian, T. (2007) Restoration of Saline Land by Halophytes for Indian Soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39, 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.02.005
[3]
Zurayk, R.A., Khoury, N.F., Talhouk, S.N. and Baalbaki, R.Z. (2001) Salinity-Heavy Metal Interactions in Four Salt Tolerant Plant Species. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24, 1773-1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/PLN-100107311
[4]
Rogers, N.J., Franklin, N.M., Apte, S.C. and Batley, G.E. (2007) The Importance of Physical and Chemical Characterization in Nanoparticle Toxicity Studies. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 3, 303-304.
[5]
Irvine, K., Moss, B. and Balls, H. (1989) The Loss of Submerged Plants with Eutrophication II. Relationships between Fish and Zooplankton in a Set of Experimental Ponds, and Conclusions. Freshwater Biology, 22, 89-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01086.x
[6]
Haynes, D., Gell, P., Tibby, J., Hancock, G. and Goonan, P. (2007) Against the Tide: The Freshening of Naturally Saline Coastal Lakes, South East South Australia. Hydrobiologia, 591, 165-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0802-7
[7]
Helal, H.M., Haque, S.A., Ramadan, A.B. and Schung, E. (1996) Salinity-Heavy Metal Interaction as Evaluated by Soil Extraction and Plant Analysis. Community Soil and Plant Analysis, 27, 1355-1361.
[8]
Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B. and Mittal, N. (2008) Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables Irrigated with Water from Different Sources. Journal of Food Chemistry, 111, 811-815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.049
[9]
Alkorta, I., Hernández-Allica, J., Becerril, J.M., Amezaga, I., Albizu, I., Onaindia, M. and Garbisu, S. (2004) Chelate-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Soils Polluted with Heavy Metals. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 3, 55-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RESB.0000040057.45006.34
[10]
Hadi, F., Nasir, A. and Ayaz, A. (2014) Enhanced Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil by Partheniumhysterophorus Plant. Bioremediation Journal, 18, 46-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2013.834866
[11]
Liu, W.X., Coveney, R.M. and Chen, J.L. (2003) Environmental Quality Assessment on a River System Polluted by Mining Activities. Applied Geochemistry, 18, 749-764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00155-5
[12]
Raikwar, M.K., Nag, S.K., Singh, M. and Kumar, P. (2007) Pesticide Residues in Milk and Their Effect on Livestock and Human Being. Veterinary World, 5, 253-257.
[13]
Hassan, S.H., Talat, M. and Rai, S. (2007) Sorption of Cadmium and Zinc from Aqueous Solutions by Water Hyacinth (Eichchornia crassipes). Bioresource Technology, 98, 918-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.042
[14]
Drost, W., Matzke, M. and Backhaus, M. (2007) Heavy Metal Toxicity to Lemna Minor Studies on the Time Dependence of Growth Inhibition and the Recovery after Exposure. Chemosphere, 67, 36-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.018
[15]
Dunbabin, J.S. and Bowmer, K.H. (1992) Potential Use of Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Industrial Waste Water Containing Metals. Science of the Total Environment, 111, 151-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90353-T
[16]
Cardwell, A., Hawker, D. and Greenway, M. (2002) Metal Accumulation in Aquatic Macrophytes from South East Queensland Australia. Chemosphere, 48, 653-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00164-9
[17]
Rubio, M.I., Escrig, I., Martínez-Cortina, C., Lopez-Benet, F.J. and Sanz, A. (1994) Cadmium and Nickel Accumulation in Rice Plants: Effects on Mineral Nutrition and Possible Interactions of Abscisic and Gibberellic Acids. Plant Growth Regulation, 14, 151-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025217
[18]
Khatamipour, M., Piri, E., Esmaeilian, Y. and Tavassoli, A. (2011) Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Germination, Seedling Growth and Proline Content of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Annals of Biological Research, 2, 527-532.
[19]
Shafiq, M., Iqbal, M.Z. and Athar, M. (2008) Effect of Lead and Cadmium on Germination and Seedling Growth of Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12, 61-66.
[20]
Abu-Muriefah, S.S. (2008) Growth Parameters and Elemental Status of Cucumber (Cucumus sativus) Seedlings in Response to Cadmium Accumulation. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10, 261-266. http://www.fspublishers.org/
[21]
John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K. and Sharma, S. (2008) Effect of Cadmium and Lead on Growth, Biochemical Parameters and Uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L. Plant Soil Environment, 54, 262-270.
[22]
Zheng, G., Lv, H.P., Gao, S. and Wang, S.R. (2010) Effects of Cadmium on Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Seedlings. Plant Soil and Environment, 56, 508-515.
[23]
Hagemann, M. and Erdmann, N. (1997) Environmental Stresses. In: Rai, A.K., Ed., Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology, Springer, Heidelberg, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 156-221.
[24]
Hayashi, H. and Murata, N. (1998) Genetically Engineered Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in Higher Plants Molecular Mechanis Hoagland Solution and Molecular Regulation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 133-148.
[25]
Flowers, J., Troke, P.F. and Yeo, A.R. (1997) The Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Halophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 89-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.000513
[26]
Greenway, H. and Munns, R. (1980) Mechanism Hoagland Solution of Salt Tolerance in Non Halophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 31, 149-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.001053
[27]
Schmidt, T.S., Soucek, D.J. and Cherry, D.S. (2002) Integrative Assessment of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Impairment from Metal Contaminated Waters in Tributaries of the Upper Powell River, Virginia, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 21, 2233-2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620211030
[28]
Bingham, F.T., Sposite, G. and Strong, J.E. (1984) The Effect of Chloride on the Availability of Cadmium. Journal Environmental Quality, 13, 71-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300010013x
[29]
McLaughlin, M.J., Tiller, K.G., Beech, T.A. and Smart, M.K. (1994) Soil Salinity Causes Elevated Cadmium Concentrations in Field-Growth Potato Tubers. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 1013-1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050023x
[30]
Smolders, E., Lambregts, R.M., Mclaughlin, M.J. and Tiller, K.G. (1998) Effect of Soil Solution Chloride on Cadmium Availability to Swiss Chard. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27, 426-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020025x
[31]
Helal, H.M., Upenov, A. and Issa, G.J. (1999) Growth and Uptake of Cd and Zn by Leucaena leucocephalain in Reclaimed Soils as Affected by NaCl Salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 162, 589-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2624(199912)162:6<589::AID-JPLN589>3.0.CO;2-1
