Malaria is a public health issue that can cause death. According to the Indonesian Health Profile, in the year 2010, an estimated 45% of Indonesia’s population live in malaria-endemic areas. Pesawaran District is one of the malaria-endemic areas in Lampung province, whose Annual Parasite Incidence in 2010 and 2011 were 2.77 and 4.76 respectively. One of the factors that may inhibit the malaria control is Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs. This study aims to conduct a mapping study and see the prevalence of ACT treatment failure, in Pesawaran District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Data collection was performed at the Primary Health Centers (PHC) Hanura. A total of 69 samples according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the microscopic examination serially for 28 days was done. Microscopic examination performed on D0, D1, D2, D3, D7, D14, D28, and a complaint is found outside the schedule. Coordinates of patient house, determined using GPS. Based on observations, microscopic examination and spatial analysis, the prevalence of ACT treatment failure in patients with falcipaum malaria was 11.59%. The malaria falcifarum patient spread around the coast, that were near vector breeding places. There were five clusters of malaria falciparum patients and one cluster of malaria falciparum patient with treatment failure that were formed. Only one significant cluster of malaria falciparum patient (P = 0.0027, radius 0 km) is found, while the other cluster is not statistically significant. The cluster of malaria falciparum patient with treatment failure was not statistically significant (P = 1.000, radius 0.15 km), but this cluster is located in the area of the suspected vector breeding place. The cluster formation means that people living within a radius of these clusters have a greater risk to get malaria infection.
References
[1]
Biggs, B.A. and Brown, G.V. (2001) Malaria dalam Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology. John Wiley & Sons, LTD, Chichester.
[2]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Malaria,” 2012. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx
[3]
Garcia, L.S. and Bruckner, D.A. (1997) Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. 3rd Edition, ASM Press, Washington DC.
[4]
Heelan, J.S. and Ingersoll, F.W. (2002) Essentials of Human Parasitology. Delmar Thomson Learning, Inc., Albany (NY).
[5]
Markell, E.K., Voge, M. and John, D.T. (1986) Medical Parasitology. 6th Edition, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
[6]
Kemenkes, R.I. (2011) Pedoman Penatalaksanaan Kasus Malaria di Indonesia. Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan lingkungan, Jakarta.
[7]
Kemenkes, R.I. (2011) Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2010. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
[8]
Health Office of Pesawaran District (2012) Anual Parasite IncidensTahun 2010 dam 2011. Pesawaran, Lampung,
[9]
Depkes, R.I. (2009) Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2008. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
[10]
WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. WHO, The Institute, Geneva.
[11]
Abdullah (2008) Analisis Spasial Kasus Malaria Pasca Tsunami di Kecamatan johan Pahlawan Kabupaten Aceh Barat Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
[12]
Mendrofa, E. (2008) Analisis Spasial Kasus Malaria di Kecamatan Lahewa Kabupaten Nias Provinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 2006 dan 2007. Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
[13]
Sulistiowati, Z.D. (2011) Analisis Spasial Kejadian Malaria di Kecamatan Sosoh Buay Rayap Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu. Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
[14]
Lameshow, S., Hosmer Jr., D.W. and Lwanga, S.K. (1997) Besar Sampel Dalam Penelitian Kesehatan, Pertama. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
[15]
WHO (2003) Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. WHO, The Institute, Geneva.
[16]
Wijayanti, M.A. and Murhandarwati, E.H. (2011) Modul Diagnosis Malaria Secara Mikroskopis. Bagian Parasitologi FK UGM, Yogyakarta.
[17]
Waldman, S.A. and Terzic, A. (2009) Pharmacology and Therapeutics Principles to Practice. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia.
[18]
Siswantoro, H., Hasugian, A.R., Avrina, R., Risniati, Y. and Tjitra, E. (2011) Efikasi dan Keamanan Dihidroartemisinin-Piperakuin (DHP) pada Penderita Malaria Falsiparum Tanpa Komplikasi di Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Media Litbang Kesehatan, 21, 135-144.
[19]
Katzung, B.G. (1998) Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik, Edisi VI. EGC, Jakarta.
[20]
Trevor, A.J., Katzung, B.G. and Master, S.B. (2002) Katzung and Trevor’s Pharmacology. 6th Edition, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York.
[21]
B2P2VRP (2012) Peta PEnyebaran Vektor Malaria Tahun 2012. Salatiga, Jawa Tengah.
[22]
Sulistyawati (2012) Statistik Spasial Kepadatan Penduduk terhadap Kejadian Malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo dengan Menggunakan GIS. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6.
[23]
Hiswani (2004) Gambaran Penyakit dan Vektor Malaria Di Indonesia. USU Digital Library Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.
[24]
Suwandi, J.F. and Setyaningrum, E. (2009) Hubungan Prilaku Masyarakat Tentang Pengendalian Malaria Dengan Intensitas Transmisi Malaria Dengan Mendeteksi Gen MSP 1 Dan MSP 2 Menggunakan Metode PCR di Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung.
[25]
Ariati, Y., Andris, H. and Sukowati, S. (2008) Bioekologi Vektor Malaria Nyamuk Anopheles sundaicus di Kecamatan Nongsa Kota Batam Tahun 2008. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 10, 29-37.
[26]
Zhang, W., Wang, L., Fang, L., Ma, J., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., Hui, F., Wang, J., Liang, S., Yang, H. and Cao, W. (2008) Spatial Analysis of Malaria in Anhui Province, China. Malaria Journal, 7, 206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-206
